The development of transplant medicine has enabled survival, recovery and a better quality of life for patients who have terminal failure of certain organs. A heart transplant is a surgical procedure in which a patient's heart is replaced with the heart of an appropriate donor. In a broader sense, in addition to the operation itself, transplantation involves a complex therapeutic procedure that allows the transplanted heart to be accepted and to function normally in the recipient's body. The most common indications for heart transplantation are cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease leading to chronic heart failure that cannot be treated by conventional methods. Assessment of candidacy for heart transplantation involves careful treatment of potential contraindications, however, these contraindications are generally not absolute and the decision on eligibility for transplantation needs to be made on an individual basis. An appropriate organizational framework needs to be established before beginning any transplant program. Transplant procedures must be performed according to national regulations in registered hospital transplant services. Organ transplantation generally requires a multidisciplinary approach. The assessment procedure depends on the type of recipient and the type of graft, the degree of urgency, and the availability of a suitable donor. The intraoperative period of heart transplantation is very complex and involves several steps from preoperative evaluation to admission of the child to the intensive care unit. Caring for a child after a heart transplant is a challenge for the nursing team, who need to be prepared for the occurrence of any complications. Health care needs to be at a high level and includes prevention and early detection of complications, treatment and rehabilitation of the child. It is therefore essential that the nurse possesses specific knowledge and skills in order to take care of the child’s needs and provide him with quality care.