Conscientious objection is the decision of an individual to act according to the order of one’s own conscience and not according to the external order of another actor, such as the state or the employer. At the same time, it is a right arising from freedom of conscience, guaranteed by numerous international agreements. In medicine, reflections and debates on the appeal of conscience go deep into questioning the purpose of medicine, defining the role of medicine and the content of the medical act, as well as understanding of health care providers as moral agents to whom the preservation of one's own moral integrity is central to wholeness in the conception of oneself. Conscientious objection in medicine is most often exercised because of ethical, moral, but also scientific beliefs and convictions about the beginning and the end of life. With the rapid development of medicine and biotechnology, the medical community expects an increasing number of new bioethical challenges that will require comprehensive deliberation and wise judgment when choosing an action. An analysis of the literature from the last ten years shows that polemics are predominantly in the field of doctor - patient relationship, interpretation of professionalism, clinical judgment and space of discretion, as well as legislative regulation and the search for compromise solutions in pluralistic societies. The part of the medical community that believes that the appeal of conscience in medicine must be enabled and protected, calls for the need to respect freedom of conscience and the importance of acting accordingly, the inseparability of private and professional parts of human personality and the need to respect different moral beliefs and judgments in tolerant societies. On the other hand, the part of the medical community that is not inclined to allow the right to conscientious objection in medicine, explains this by understanding medicine as one in which the rights of patients come first and it is the duty of health care workers to provide all legal procedures to ensure that patients do not encounter obstacles such as reduced availability of legal procedures or the stigma of seeking them. For the time being, the prevailing position of the medical and legal profession is that the right to conscientious objection by health care professionals should be respected and to a certain extent protected by law.