| Abstract | Mesne pasmine goveda belgijsko bijelo-plavo govedo, Piedmontese i Charolais pasmina pokazuju mišićnu hipertrofiju, te u odnosu na životinje bez navedenog sindroma imaju veći udio mišića za oko 20%. Mišićna hipertrofija rezultat je mutacije gena myostatina na drugom kromosomu goveda koja je za sve tri navedene pasmine različita. Belgijsko bijelo plavo govedo karakterizira mutacija u obliku delecije 11 nukleotida nt821(del11), Piedmontese C313Y supstitucija aminokiseline cisteins tirozinom, a Charolais pasminu Q204X mutacija. Mišićna hipertrofija prisutna je i u nekih drugih populacija goveda, kao npr. Maine-Anjou, Limousin, Galloway, Aubrac, itd., ali je slabije izražena. U intrauterinom periodu myostatin kontrolira diferencijaciju i proliferaciju mioblasta i djeluje na razvoj skeletnog mišićja, dok u odrasloj dobi djeluje na razvoj drugih organskih sustava.
Meso životinja s izraženom hipertrofijom mišića je nježnije i mekše strukture, sadrži manji udio kolagena i vezivnog tkiva (do 30%), manji udio masti (do 50%), ima povoljniji sastav masnih kiselina, posebice visok udio mono- i polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (11%). Takve životinje imaju manju konverziju hrane uz veći randman zbog većeg udjela mišića sapnog područja. Na liniji klanja meso belgijsko bijelo-plavog i Piedmontese goveda svrstano je u superior i excellent klasu prema SEUROP klasifikaciji zemalja Europske unije. Pojava dvostrukog mišićja ima utjecaj na lokomotorni sustav (životinje se teže kreću, pojačana mogućnost lomova), manja je masa kostiju za 3-10%, smanjena je veličina nekih unutarnjih organa poput srca, pluća, slezene za oko 20%, a životinje su osjetljivije i na pojavu stresa. Uslijed pojačane mišićavosti reprodukcijske odlike muških i ženskih grla također su smanjene. Tako je česta pojava odgađanja puberteta, smanjena plodnost, pojava distocija, smanjena proizvodnja mlijeka, mortalitet teladi, bikovi imaju lošiju kvalitetu sjemena, itd. Opskrba hranjivim tvarima perifernih tkiva, rogova i papaka uslijed tereta velike tjelesne mase otežana je i usporena zbog slabe razgranatosti kapilarne mreže što se loše odražava na dišni i krvožilni sustav, kao i na cjelokupni metabolizam organizma.
Iz navedenog proizlazi da životinje s mišićnom hipertrofijom proizvođačima donose dohodak i zaradu dajući im kvalitetno i ukusno meso, s niskim udjelom masti koje postiže dobru tržišnu cijenu. U cilju poštivanja načela dobrobiti takvih životinja važan je menadžement koji osigurava odgovarajućui dostatnu ishranu, pravilan sustav držanja životinja, osiguranje optimalnih mikroklimatskih uvjeta te korištenje alternativnih mogućnosti proizvodnje. Jedna takva mogućnost je korištenje terminalnih križanja u uzgoju čime bi se smanjila pojava distocija i osigurao duži životni vijek plotkinje. Također, edukacija i podizanje svijesti potrošača popraćeni odgovarajućom legislativom i zakonskim okvirima na državnom, pa potom i na međunarodnom nivou uvelike će pridonijeti doborobiti životinja s mišićnom hipertrofijom. |
| Abstract (english) | Cattle for meat production Belgian Blue, Piedmontese and Charolais show muscle hypertrophy, and compared to animals without the above mentioned syndrome have a higher proportion of muscle for about 20%. Muscle hypertrophy is the result of myostatin mutation on second chromosome different for all three breeds. Mutation in Belgian Blue is characterized by deletion of 11 nucleotides nt821 (del11), in Piedmontese with C313Y amino acid substitution cisteins with tyrosine and Charolais breed with Q204X mutation. Muscle hypertrophy is present in other cattle breeds like Maine-Anjou, Limousin, Galloway, Aubrac, etc., although less pronounced. In the intrauterine development myostatin controls differentiation and proliferation of myoblasts and have impact on skeletal muscle development, while in adults affects the development of other organ systems.
Meat of double muscled individuals is tender, contains a lower proportion of collagen and connective tissue (30%), lower fat content (50%), and has a favorable fatty acid composition, particularly a high proportion of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (11%).
Such animals have a lower feed conversion, higher dressing percentage due to higher share of muscle in hindquarters. Meat from Belgian Blue and Piedmontese is classifiedas superior and excellent according to SEUROP classification of the European Union. Muscular hypertrophy has effect on locomotor system (restricted movements, incidence of fractures), the less bone mass 3-10%, reduced the size of some internal organs such as the heart, lungs, spleen to 20%, and the animals are more sensitive toheat stress. Due to increased muscularity reproduction performance of males and females are also reduced. Thus, delay in puberty, reduced fertility, dystocia, reduced milk production, calves mortality, bulls have a poorer semen quality, etc. Supply of peripheral tissues, horns and hooves by nutrients due to large body mass is difficult and slow because of lower capillary densityt what reflects poorly on respiratory and circulatory system, as well as on the overall metabolism.
The above show that animals with muscular hypertrophy to producers bring income and profits due totasty meat of good quality and low in fat, which achieved a good market price. In order to respect the principle of the welfare of these animals management it is important as well as proper and adequate nutrition, keeping system, optimum microclimate conditions and the possibility of alternative productionuse. One such option is terminal crossing which will reduce the occurrence of dystocia and provide longevity of cows. Also, consumerseducation and awareness accompanied by appropriate legislation and legal frameworks at the national and international level will greatly contribute to the welfare of animals with muscular hypertrophy. |
