Almost any business all around the world depends somehow on the energy and natural resources. Both are related to the exploitation, processing of raw materials, transport and further realization of products and semi-finished products on the global market. The industries that are closely connected to the energy and natural resources depend significantly on the availability of resources, government regulations, technological development, methods and costs of exploitation, it’s efficiency and as well on environmental impact. This Thesis defines the structure of the global markets and international trade of energy and natural resources. The importance and effects of international trade in energy and natural resources with their influence on global markets are explained and examined. Furthermore, an analysis of the main trade aspects and most important statistics was performed through indicators that can clearly present a picture of the economic situation and employment in this segment of the economy. Through the analysis of energy and natural resources markets globally, with regional examples, impacts of renewable sources and rare earths are also presented. The development of both industries is influenced by several processes, regulations and policies, the most important of which are explained in detail and their impact on global markets of energy and natural resources is highlighted.