| Abstract | Pitanje određivanja transfernih cijena predstavlja jedan od najvećih izazova s kojim se susreću
povezana društva i porezne vlasti pojedinih država. Organizacijske strukture povezanih
društava postaju sve složenije, a time i njihovi međusobni odnosi i brojne poslovne transakcije
što aktualizira pitanje adekvatnog oporezivanja.
Temeljna pravna regulativa za primjenu transfernih cijena su OECD-ove smjernice o
transfernim cijenama za multinacionalne kompanije i porezne uprave koje definiraju načelo
nepristranosti koje zahtijeva da se za porezne svrhe transakcije između povezanih osoba
provode po istim cijenama koje bi se primijenile između nepovezanih društava. Nadalje,
Smjernice imaju dva cilja. Prvi, da osiguraju da se oporezivi profiti multinacionalnih društava
umjetno ne premještaju iz poreznih jurisdikcija s višim poreznim opterećenjem u one s nižim
uz uvjet da prijavljene porezne osnovice stvarno odražavaju poduzete ekonomske aktivnosti.
Drugi cilj odnosi se na smanjivanje rizika dvostrukog oporezivanja poreznih obveznika koji
može proizaći iz sporova dviju ili više poreznih jurisdikcija oko određivanja naknada na
prekogranične transakcije između povezanih društava.
U ovom radu analizirane su transferne cijene na primjeru agencijskih usluga u linijskom
kontejnerskom prijevozu s pomorskim agentom kao testiranom stranom. U tu svrhu istražene
su i prezentirane ključne etape u industriji linijskog kontejnerskog prijevoza te doprinos glavnih
aktera – brodara i pomorskog agenta – stvaranju vrijednosti unutar grupe. Također, u skladu s
odredbama OECD-ovih smjernica, izvršena je funkcionalna analiza čime su se utvrdile uloge i
odgovornosti povezanih strana u promatranoj transakciji uzimajući u obzir pri tom korištenu
imovinu i preuzete rizike.
U empirijskom dijelu istraživanja provedena je ekonomska analiza transfernih cijena uz
obrazloženje korištenja najprikladnije metode za određivanje transfernih cijena, što je u
konkretnom slučaju bila Metoda transakcijske neto marže. Izvršenom analizom usporedivosti,
a na temelju podataka preuzetih iz AMADEUS baze, dobiven je uzorak usporedivih društava
koji poduzimaju slične poslovne aktivnosti i posluju u sličnom okruženju kao i pomorske
agencije koje su bile predmet analize. Izračunom interkvartilnog raspona za definiran indikator
razine dobiti (dodatak na troškove) dobiven je podatak unutar kojeg raspona bi se on trebao
kretati da bi promatrana transakcija, odnosno usluga koju pomorski agenti pružaju povezanim
društvima bila u skladu s OECD-ovim načelom nepristranosti.
Na kraju su predstavljeni prethodni sporazumi o transfernim cijenama (APA), kao i njihove
prednosti i nedostaci, koji s jedne strane doprinose minimiziranju poreznih rizika i većoj
sigurnosti u planiranju poslovanja kod povezanih društava, a s druge strane omogućuju da se
pitanja transfernih cijena s poreznim upravama rješavaju na partnerskoj osnovi. |
| Abstract (english) | The issue of transfer pricing is one of the biggest challenges faced by affiliated companies and
tax authorities of individual countries. Organizational structures of affiliated companies are
becoming ever more complex and thus their interrelationships and numerous business
transactions make the issue of adequate taxation more topical.
The basic legal rules for the application of transfer pricing are the OECD transfer pricing
guidelines for multinational companies and tax administrations, that define the arm's length
principle which requires that, for tax purposes, transactions between affiliated parties be carried
out at the same prices as would apply between unrelated companies. Furthermore, the
Guidelines have two objectives. The first is to ensure that the taxable profits of multinational
companies are not artificially shifted from tax jurisdictions with higher tax burdens to those
with lower ones, provided that the reported tax bases do indeed reflect the economic activities
undertaken. The second objective is to reduce the risk of double taxation of taxpayers that may
arise from disputes between two or more tax jurisdictions over the determination of taxes for
cross-border transactions between affiliated companies.
In this paper, transfer pricing is analyzed on the example of agency services in containerized
liner shipping with the shipping agent as a tested party. To this end, key milestones in the
containerized liner shipping industry have been explored and presented, as well as the
contribution of major actors – the carrier and the shipping agent - to creating value within the
group. In addition, in compliance with provisions of the OECD Guidelines, a functional analysis
was performed whereby the roles and responsibilities were identified of the affiliated parties in
the transaction under consideration, taking into account the assets used and the risks assumed.
In the empirical part of the research, an economic analysis of transfer prices was conducted,
explaining also the use of the most appropriate transfer pricing method, which in this case was
the Transaction Net Margin Method. The comparability analysis, based on data obtained from
the AMADEUS database, resulted in a sample of comparable companies undertaking similar
business activities and operating in a similar environment to the shipping agencies that were
the subject of the analysis. The calculation of the interquartile range for the defined profit level
indicator (margin on total costs) provided information concerning the range within which it
should fall in order for the observed transaction or service provided by shipping agents to
affiliated companies to comply with the OECD arm's length principle.
Finally, advance transfer pricing agreements (APAs) were presented, as well as their advantages
and disadvantages, which on the one hand contribute to minimizing tax risks and increasing
security in business planning with affiliated companies and, on the other, allow transfer pricing
issues with tax administrations to be settled on a partnership basis. |
