| Abstract | Promuklost (ili disfonija) opisuje se kao promjena u kvaliteti glasa koji može biti hrapav, slab, drhtav, grub, napet, s promjenama u visini, prekidima i ograničenim rasponom glasa. Može imati višestruke negativne utjecaje u dječjoj dobi; može se negativno odraziti na razvoj komunikacijskih i socijalnih vještina te na obrazovno postignuće. Uredno funkcionirajući glas postaje sve važniji budući da sve veći broj zanimanja traži intenzivnu uporabu glasa. Prema tome, promukla kvaliteta glasa postat će značajan problem za djecu u odrastanju i odabiru profesije. U općoj se populaciji promuklost najčešće veže uz zlouporabu glasa, a uzimajući u obzir drugačiju i osjetljiviju građu glasovnog aparata djece, taj je problem još ozbiljniji. Zlouporaba glasa povećava vjerojatnost nastanka vokalnih nodula kao posljedice fonotraume te, posljedično, promuklosti. Međutim, brojni su drugi čimbenici koji su povezani s promuklosti o čijim mogućim utjecajima na glas svijest nije dovoljno razvijena. Tako dostatan broj istraživanja govori o povezanosti poremećaja glasa i bolesti, pri čemu su značajne astma te alergije. Rizični čimbenici su i kongenitalni medicinski poremećaji, primjerice oštećenje sluha. Prisutnost laringofaringealnog refluksa kod djece također se pokazala povezanom s promuklom kvalitetom glasa kod djece. Istraživanja su utvrdila povezanost promuklosti djece i drugih govornih poremećaja, poput mucanja i poremećaja artikulacije. Nadalje, utvrđen je značajni utjecaj životnih okolnosti, točnije narušenih odnosa te emocionalnih sukoba u obitelji. Rizičnim su se pokazali i broj braće i sestara te poredak rođenja djeteta. Uz to, glasovne navike poput imitiranja glasova drugih ili pak način korištenja glasa u dječjim aktivnostima također su se pokazali značajnima. Osobnost djeteta dodatni je rizični faktor koji su potvrdila istraživanja, a ekstrovertiranost i zrelost djeteta neke su od tih karakteristika. Utvrđen je i utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika na razvoj promuklosti pa se tako izdvajaju buka, kvaliteta zraka te vlaga i plijesni. |
| Abstract (english) | Hoarseness (or dysphonia) is described as a change in voice quality that can be raspy, weak, trembling, harsh and strained, with changes in pitch, voice interruptions and limited vocal range. Hoarseness can have multiple negative impacts at a younger age; it can adversely affect the development of communication and social skills as well as educational achievement. A well-functioning voice is becoming increasingly important as an increasing number of occupations require intensive use of the voice. Therefore, the hoarse quality of the voice will become a significant problem when children grow up and choose a profession. In the general population hoarseness is most often associated with the misuse of the voice. Considering the different and more sensitive structure of the vocal apparatus of children, this problem is even more serious. Vocal abuse increases the likelihood of vocal nodules because of the phonotrauma. Consequently, the probability of developing hoarseness increases. However, there are many other elements that are related to hoarseness, the awareness of which is not sufficiently developed. Thus, research mentions the connection between voice disorders and diseases, with asthma and allergies being significant. Congenital medical disorders, such as hearing impairment, are also risk factors. The presence of laryngopharyngeal reflux in children has also been shown to be associated with hoarse voice quality in children. Research has established a connection between hoarseness in children and other speech disorders, such as stuttering and articulation disorders. Furthermore, a significant impact of life circumstances, more precisely, the impact of broken relationships and emotional conflicts in the family, was determined. The number of siblings and the birth order of the child also proved to be a risk factor. In addition, vocal habits such as imitating the voices of others or the way of using the voice in children's activities have also been shown to be significant. The child's personality is an additional risk factor that has been confirmed by research, and extroversion and maturity of the child are some of these characteristics. The influence of environmental factors on the development of hoarseness has also been determined, with noise, air quality, humidity and mold being emphasized. |
