Study of sign languages using event-related potentials (ERPs) is a young field of research in the neurolinguistics. Despite a small number of such studies, various language phenomena have been covered, but so far no review has been made. Accordingly, the aim of this diploma thesis is to present the current knowledge on researching sign language components using ERPs, and to determine if there are specificities in processing related to modality. Phonology research has shown that the place of articulation is a dominant parameter, i.e., it is processed before the handshape, and that the processing of same phonological parameters leads to competition in activation, similar to the research of the mental lexicon in the spoken languages. Also, it seems that location processing in sign language and rhyme processing in spoken language are similar processes. Intramodal and crossmodal coactivation during processing of minimal pairs supports the idea of interconnected phonological system. Research on morphosyntax mainly related to violation of the verb specifications, most commonly on violation of agreeing verbs. Results are inconclusive: ASL and DGS processing caused biphasic LAN-P600 components, but for the same violation type in other paper on DGS components were reversed - positivity followed by negativity. Processing agreement violations with plain verbs resulted in diffuse positive deflection. The sentences with incorrectly used classifiers caused two-phase processing, LAN and P600, which are in spoken languages considered as a reflection of morphosyntactic processing. In the research of semantics there is a greater match in the results. For sentences with semantically unexpected or anomalous signs, each study got N400. Conversely, processing sentences with gestures in place of a sign did not result in the N400, but in positive deflection peaking around 650 ms, which clearly indicates a processing distinction in linguistic and nonlinguistic informations. Also, iconic signs showed faster activation. The described research suggests that the processing of sign language and spoken language is to some extent similar, but there are differences. Are these differences only a difference in modality, is not entirely clear, since ERP research of sign languages is relatively young. What is certainly clear is that this is a methodologically complex research where you need to invest heavily in the construction and mode of stimuli presentation, as well as placing triggers, because language processing is a fluid and continuous process, regardless of the modality of language.