| Abstract | Down sindrom je najĉešći genetski poremećaj koji nastaje uslijed viška jednog kromosoma ili dijela kromosoma u jezgri svake stanice tijela. Taj poremećaj znaĉajno obiljeţava razvoj djeteta u svim podruĉjima. On pogaĊa sve rasne skupine i moţe se javiti u bilo kojoj obitelji, bez obzira na zdravlje roditelja, ekonomsku situaciju ili naĉin ţivota. Obzirom da ograniĉava mentalni razvoj djeteta, intelektualne teškoće primarne su kod osoba s Down sindromom.
Intelektualne teškoće su sloţena pojava stanja koja se odreĊuje kao znaĉajno ograniĉenje u razvoju pojedinca, a utvrĊuje se prije 18. godine ţivota. Karakteristiĉno je ispodprosjeĉno intelektualno funkcioniranje te smanjena razina adaptivnih vještina. Teškoće se mogu manifestirati kao razliĉita odstupanja na motoriĉkom, kognitivnom, emocionalnom i socijalnom planu.
U tom kontekstu se javlja potreba provedbe razliĉitih terapijskih intervencija u okviru kojih ekspresivne art-terapije mogu predstavljati jednu od prikladnih komplementarnih terapijskih metoda. Ekspresivne art-terapije se odnose na primjenu razliĉitih umjetniĉkih medija poput glazbe, likovnog izraza, pokreta i plesa, knjiţevnog teksta, te srodnih pristupa kao što je psihodrama, voĊena imaginacija, relaksacija, i dr., s ciljem poticanja emotivne, kognitivne, socijalne i tjelesne integracije pojedinca. Primjena ekspresivnih art-terapija moţe biti korisna kao komplementarna terapija u uvjetima kada odreĊena tjelesna, intelektualna ili osjetilna ograniĉenja inhibiraju realizaciju emocionalnih ili socijalnih potreba. Odnosno, s obzirom da ova vrsta terapijskog pristupa djeluje na poboljšanje funkcionalnih sposobnosti, stjecanje novih uvida o vlastitom emocionalnom doţivljaju, potrebama, ciljevima i strategijama, te na poticanje socijalnih interakcija, ona moţe doprinijeti subjektivnoj,
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emocionalnoj, duhovnoj i psihosocijalnoj dobrobiti, a time i poboljšanju kvalitete ţivota u osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama.
U tom smislu, definiran je cilj ovog rada koji se odnosi na pregled dosadašnjih spoznaja o utjecaju ekspresivnih art-terapija na razliĉite aspekte funkcioniranja u osoba sa sindromom Down. Obzirom na nedostatak dostupne literature u navedenom problemskom podruĉju, ovim radom su obuhvaćena i srodna istraţivanja o utjecaju ekspresivnih art-terapija u osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama razliĉite etiologije .
Iako rezultati dosadašnjih istraţivanja ukazuju na pozitivne uĉinke u podruĉju psihomotornog, emocionalnog i socijalnog funkcioniranja, takoĊer se uoĉava potreba provoĊenja daljnjih istraţivanja usmjerenih na koncipiranje terapijskih programa kao i na razradu sustava evaluacije, gdje bi poseban naglasak trebao biti stavljen na definiranje prikladnog instrumentarija i parametara procjene. Na taj bi se naĉin pozitivno utjecalo na perspektivu buduće primjene ekspresivih art-terapija u okviru holistiĉkog i interdsiciplinarnog pristupa u rehabilitaciji osoba sa sindromom Down. |
| Abstract (english) | Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder that results from the excess of one chromosome or part of a chromosome in the nucleus of each cell of the body. This disorder significantly characterizes the development of the child in all areas. It affects all racial groups and can occur in any family, regardless of parental health, economic situation or lifestyle. Because it limits a child's mental development, intellectual disabilities are primary in people with Down Syndrome.
Intellectual disabilities are a complex occurrence of a condition that is defined as a significant limitation in an individual's development, and is determined before the age of 18. It is characterized by below-average intellectual functioning and a reduced level of adaptive skills. Difficulties can manifest as different deviations on the motor, cognitive, emotional and social plan. In this context, there is a need to implement various therapeutic interventions within which expressive arts therapies may represent one of the appropriate complementary therapeutic methods.
Expressive arts-therapies refer to the application of various art-media such as music, visual arts, movement and dance, drama, poetry, and related approaches such as psychodrama, guided imagination, relaxation, etc., with the aim of stimulating emotional, cognitive, social and the physical integration of the individual. The use of expressive arts-therapies may be useful as complementary therapy in conditions where certain physical, intellectual or sensory limitations inhibit the realization of emotional or social needs. Given that this type of therapeutic approach works to improve functional abilities, gain new insights into one's emotional experience, needs, goals and strategies, and to encourage social interactions, it can contribute to subjective, emotional, spiritual and psychosocial well-being and thus improving the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities.
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In this regard, the aim of this paper is defined to review the current findings on the impact of expressive arts-therapies on various aspects of functioning in individuals with Down syndrome. Considering the lack of available literature in the defined problem area, this paper also covers related research on the impact of expressive arts-therapies in people with intellectual disabilities caused by different etiology.
Although the results of the some researches indicated positive effects in the field of psychomotor, emotional and social functioning, there is also a need for further research focused on the conceptualization of therapeutic programs as well as on the development of an evaluation system, where particular emphasis should be placed on defining appropriate assessment instruments and parameters. This would have a positive impact on the prospect of future use of expressive arts-therapies, as part of a holistic and interdisciplinary approach, in the rehabilitation of persons with Down syndrome. |
