Odontogenic cyst is defined as a pathological cavity that is connected with the tooth in such a way that it formed during the development of the tooth from epithelial elements or as a consequence of inflammation where the cyst is formed due to the progression of inflammation. Inflammation can spread from the root canal or periodontal tissue. As the cyst grows, it creates a cavity that is filled with liquid or semi-liquid contents. According to the 2017 classification, the World Health Organization divided cysts into two groups based on pathohistological structure and etiology, so that ultimately developmental and inflammatory odontogenic cysts may be differentiated. The reason for a failure of early diagnosis of these pathological formations is that cysts do not lead to the disturbances in the patient if their growth does not lead to a change in the shape of the surrounding bone or until inflammation occurs. The diagnosis includes anamnesis, clinical examination, radiological examinations, analysis of the punctured contents and pathohistological analysis by which the final diagnosis is made. Treatment of large odontogenic cysts, as well as small ones, is performed by surgical procedures. The choice of treatment method depends on the characteristics of the cyst, such as the size, location, etiology of the cyst, and the patient's health condition. Surgical treatment of large cysts of the upper and lower jaw involves the removal of the cyst or a part of the cyst, as well as the possible connection of a bone defect with close anatomical structures. Modern treatment favors a two-stage surgical approach. During the first procedure, an attempt is made to reduce the initial volume of the cyst, while in the second procedure complete removal of the cyst is performed. Depending on the intraoperative clinical finding and the patient's future prosthetic replacement, bone defects can be reconstructed with appropriate surgical techniques and biomaterials.