This paper deals with the cult of the Syrian Goddess, i.e. goddess Atargatis, who is a localized form of a Mother Goddess of the city Hierapolis in Northern Syria. Thus, the first chapter offers an overview of the great goddesses of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, in order to notice the continuity by comparing their attributes with those of Atargatis and to place the very goddess Atargatis in that sequence. The second chapter deals with the sources of the cult of the Syrian Goddess, which are divided into two parts – archaeological and literary ones. Archaeological sources refer to numismatics (4. c. BC – 3. c. AD) and reliefs (from Dura Europos and Upper Mesopotamia). Main literary sources are Lucian (De Dea Syria, 2. c. AD) and Macrobius (Saturnalia, 4/5. c. AD). Based on both types of the sources, the image of the myth and the cult of the Syrian Goddess appears; the very imagery of the goddess, as well as the concept of the cult in Hierapolis, for which Lucian’s literary work undoubtedly appears to be a very valuable resource. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the spread of the cult in the Greco-Roman world, based on the preserved inscriptions. Also, three social groups are noted as the most important for the spread of the cult outside Syria – slaves, merchants and soldiers. Within the Croatian historical area, the cult of the Syrian Goddess has been testified only in Dalmatia. On the island of Vis an altar has been found with the dedication to the goddess, from the Hellenistic period. On the other hand, an altar found in Salona and an inscription from Podvršje near Zadar belong to the Roman era and are connected through the name of the same dedicant.