| Abstract | Početak moderne likovne umjetnosti bilježi se već krajem 19. stoljeća, a karakteristična je ponajprije za slikarstvo, kiparstvo, grafiku i arhitekturu 20. stoljeća. U dvadesetom stoljeću dogodile su se najznačajnije promjene u povijesti umjetnosti. Umjetnost tog razdoblja bila je izraz tadašnjih društvenih i političkih događanja, a zbog velikih različitosti među umjetnicima, nastaje mnogo umjetničkih pravaca i pokreta koji se često preklapaju.
Kako je Hrvatska do 1918. godine pripadala Austrougarskoj Monarhiji, a umjetnici su još slikali u duhu starijih stilova, u tim su se krajevima promjene odvijale sporije nego u ostalim krajevima. No promjene su se ipak polako počele događati, zahvaljujući slikaru i povjesničaru umjetnosti Izidoru Kršnjavom, koji je uvelike pridonio Zagrebu da postane važan umjetnički centar, zatim slikaru Vlahi Bukovcu, koji je pripadao umjetnicima Htvatskog salona, važnima za preobrazbu tradicionalnog shvaćanja umjetničkog stvaranja, kao i slikari Menci Clement Crnčić i Bela Čikoš Sesija, zagovaratelji slobodnog umjetnčkog izražaja. Važna su bila i udruživanja umjetnika u grupe, kao što su Lada i Društvo hrvatskih umjetnika Medulić, koje su željele povezati umjetnike s jugoslavenskih prostora. Također nastaju razni izložbeni prostori, jačaju samostalne i skupne izložbe, a osnivaju se i mnoge umjetničke škole. Sve zajedno je uvelike pridonosilo mijenjanju umjetničkog stanja u Hrvatskoj.
No važni su bili i umjetnici koji su se školovali izvan granica Hrvatske, a jedna od tih skupina umjetnika bila je i Münchenski krug, u koju spada i Oskar Herman, važan slikar za hrvatsku umjetnost i šire. Neprilike koje su mu se dogodile u djetinjstvu, odrazile su se i na njegovo daljnje stvaralaštvo. Za njegovu umjetničku naobrazbu najvažniji je bio odlazak na Akademiju u Münchenu, a za njegovu prekretnicu važna su bila djela Hansa von Maréesa, čiji će se utjecaj moći vidjeti u njegovom daljnjem stvaralaštvu, ponajprije 1910-ih, ali i kasnije. Isto tako na njega su velik utisak ostavila i djela Eugenea Delacroixa i Augustea Renoira, no divio se i djelima baroknih umjetnika, kao što je Tintoretto. Izlagao je s Münchenskom novom secesijom, s Grupom trojice itd., a također je imao i svoje vlastite izložbe. S vremenom se Hermanovo slikarstvo mijenjalo kako su se mijenjale i povijesne prilike, od raskoši koja je ostvarena pomoću rasvjetljavanja palete, kolorističkim bogatstvom i izraženim impastima, do djela u kojima prevladava tajanstvena praznina, napuštenost, usamljenost, što se pogotovo očituje nakon proživljenih ratova. Slikao je aktove i poluaktove, pejzaže, ratne prikaze, ljubavne parove i portrete, između ostalog. Njegovo najplodnije razdoblje počinje 1960-ih godina kada nastaju djela u ulju, gvašu i temperi. Nakon što je naslikao svoje zadnje djelo, Tuga, Oskar Herman umire 18. 1. 1974. Njegovoj udovici Miri u nasljeđu je ostalo ukupno 913 radova te ih odlučuje donirati tadašnjem Muzejskom prostoru, današnjoj Galeriji Klovićevi dvori. Godine 2006. održana je retrospektivna izložba povodom 120. godišnjice rođenja Oskara Hermana, a s obzirom da su se mnoge institucije odazvale i pridonijele izložbi, izložena su gotova sva njegova najznačajnija djela. |
| Abstract (english) | The beginning of modern fine art is recorded as early as the end of the 19th century, and is characteristic primarily of painting, sculpture, graphics and architecture of the 20th century. The most significant changes in the history of art took place in the twentieth century. The art of that period was an expression of the social and political events of the time and due to the great differences among artists, many artistic directions and movements emerged that often overlapped.
As Croatia belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1918, and artists still painted in the spirit of older styles, changes in these areas were slower than in other areas. However, changes slowly began to happen, thanks to the painter and art historian Izidor Kršnjavi, who greatly contributed to Zagreb becoming an important art center, then the painter Vlaho Bukovac, who belonged to the artists of the Croatian Salon, important for transforming the traditional understanding of art, as well as painters Menci Clement Crnčić and Bela Čikoš Sesija, advocates of free artistic expression. Associations of artists in groups were also important, such as Lada and the Society of Croatian Artists Medulić, who wanted to connect artists from Yugoslavia. However, art associations and groups were slowly being established, various exhibition spaces were being created, solo and group exhibitions were being organized, and many art schools established. It all greatly contributed to changing the artistic situation in Croatia.
However, artists who were educated outside the borders of Croatia were also important, and one of these groups of artists was the Munich Circle, which included Oskar Herman, an important painter for Croatian art and beyond, who sought to find his own artistic expression. The troubles that happened to him in his childhood were also reflected in his further work. The most important thing for his art education was going to the Academy in Munich, and for his milestone, the works of Hans von Marées were important, whose influence can be seen in his further work, primarily in the 1910s, but also later. He was also greatly impressed by the works of Eugene Delacroix and Auguste Renoir, but he also admired the works of Baroque artists such as Tintoretto. He exhibited with the Munich New Art Nouveau, with the Group Three, etc., and also had his own exhibitions. Over time, Herman's painting changed as historical circumstances changed, from the richness achieved by lightening his palette, coloristic richness, and pronounced impastos, to works dominated by mysterious emptiness, abandonment, loneliness, which are especially evident after the wars. He painted various nudes and semi-nudes, landscapes, war depictions, loving couples,portraits, among other things. His most prolific period began in the 1960s, when works in oil, gouache and tempera were created. After painting his last work, Tuga, Oskar Herman died on January 18, 1974. His widow Mira inherited a total of 913 works and decided to donate them to the then Museum Space, today's Klovićevi dvori Gallery. In 2006, a retrospective exhibition was held on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the birth of Oscar Herman, and since many institutions responded and contributed to the exhibition, almost all of his most significant works were exhibited. |
