| Abstract | Horus je egipatski bog sokol, štovan u raznim oblicima diljem Egipta. Njegova je pojava vrlo brzo i lako obilježila gotovo čitav period egipatske umjetnosti, a njegova božanska narav postupno je postajala štovana intenzivno u čitavoj Egipatskoj državi. Osnovni cilj istraživanja ovog rada je sažeto, ali pregledno, prikazati upravo ikonografiju i kult boga Horusa u njihovim šarolikim sličnostima i različitostima. Rad istražuje različite aspekte prikazivanja Horusa u umjetnosti te njegovu ulogu u staroegipatskoj mitologiji, a samim time i religijskim praksama. Metodologija rada također uključuje i analizu arheoloških nalaza te korištenje i temeljito proučavanje relevantne literature.
Rad je podijeljen na nekoliko cjelina, od kojih su, naravno, posebno istaknute one o ikonografiji i kultu. Horus je u prvom dijelu rada opisan u svojoj glavnoj ulozi, onoj egipatskog božanstva, a na to se odmah nadovezuje i legenda o njegovom rođenju i uzdizanju na vlast. Ikonografska analiza boga sadrži bitne i konstantno ponavljajuće prikaze i atribute, koji su detaljno analizirani i predočeni, dok se u nastavku obrađuje kult Horusa u Gornjem i Donjem Egiptu, prije i nakon sjedinjenja od strane kralja Narmera. Tragovi Horusovih prikaza i štovanja pronađeni su i na teritoriju Hrvatske države te obuhvaćeni u kontekstu ovog rada.
Rezultati istraživanja dovode do određenih zaključaka na svim obrađivanim poljima. Pokazuju načine na koje je Horus bio prikazivan u različitim oblicima, od sokola i čovjeka sa sokolovom glavom, pa sve do potpuno čovjekolikih prikaza te naglašavaju njegovu povezanost s kraljevskom vlašću i legitimnošću. Bio je, ne samo solarno, već i kozmičko božanstvo, a to su posebno odražavale njegove oči; desno oko simboliziralo je sunce, a lijevo mjesec te, naravno slavno 'Udjat'. Mit o Horusu obuhvaća njegovu borbu sa stricem Setom za egipatsko prijestolje, pri čemu Horus postaje simbol pobjede dobra nad zlom i legitimnog nasljedstva.
Zaključno, rad pruža sveobuhvatan pregled Horusove uloge u egipatskoj religiji i kulturi te istražuje kako su ti elementi oblikovali religioznu i kulturnu povijest starog Egipta i nekih ostalih područja. Istraživanje ističe značaj Horusa kao simbola moći, zaštite i božanskog autoriteta te ukazuje na njegov kontinuirani utjecaj kroz povijest. |
| Abstract (english) | Horus is an Egyptian falcon god, venerated in various forms throughout Egypt. His presence quickly and easily marked almost the entire period of Egyptian art, and his divine nature gradually became intensely revered across the nation. The primary goal of this research is to provide a concise yet comprehensive depiction of the iconography and cult of Horus, highlighting their diverse similarities and differences. The paper examines various aspects of Horus’s depiction in art and his role in ancient Egyptian mythology, and consequently in religious practices. The methodology of the paper also includes the analysis of archaeological findings and the thorough study of relevant literature.
The paper is divided into several sections, with the most important ones focusing on iconography and cult. The first part describes Horus in his main role as an Egyptian deity, followed by the legend of his birth and rise to power. The iconographic analysis of the god includes some of the most common and significant depictions and attributes, which are detailed and presented, while the subsequent sections address the cult of Horus in Upper and Lower Egypt, both before and after the unification by King Narmer. Traces of Horus depictions and worship have been found on the territory of Croatia and are included in the context of this work.
The research results lead to certain conclusions in all examined fields. They demonstrate the ways Horus was depicted in different forms, from a falcon and a man with a falcon’s head to fully anthropomorphic depictions and emphasize his connection with royal power and legitimacy. He was not only a solar deity but also a cosmic one, best reflected in his eyes; the right eye symbolized the sun, the left the moon, and of course, the famous 'Udjat'. The myth of Horus includes his struggle with his uncle Set for the Egyptian throne, where Horus becomes a symbol of the triumph of good over evil and rightful inheritance.
In conclusion, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of Horus’s role in Egyptian religion and culture and examines how these elements shaped the religious and cultural history of ancient Egypt and some other areas. The research highlights Horus’s significance as a symbol of power, protection, and divine authority, and points to his enduring influence throughout history. |
