Abstract | The idea of preservation in the maritime realm is a complex, multidimensional
subject with many aspects presenting dualistic meaning, sometimes
in opposition to one another, and other times relying on each part to represent its
meaning. For example, ‘authenticity’, has subjective and objective narratives.
The ‘authentic’ experience has different meaning for the outsider as it does for
the visitor or tourist. Also ‘material’ preservation and ‘knowledge’ preservation
are linked in a way that one without the other cannot exist. Lastly the idea of
preservation of technology can hardly be shown without the linear framework of
‘time’ in arrangement with the other icons that have come before and after the
object. Placing an object frozen on timeline allows a reference for the practitioner
or to begin to explain the object’s position, role, and history in its community.
While grappling with these aspects of preservation several unifying topics
emerge.
Through the discussion of the role of the heritage vessels, it is possible to
show the importance of ‘function’ and ‘place’ in the present time and begin to
explain authentic meaning for the groups that have used, and will use the vessel
throughout history, and into the future. It is these groups, and in this place, that
the functional vessel has emerged and in which the ‘authentic’ knowledge,
maritime skills, and heritage has accumulated surrounding its tangible frame. The
communities who reside on or near the sea and are familiar with its evolution,
understand how the heritage vessels have formed from the need to perform some
specific societal functions, and what these functions mean, are best equipped to
be the one to preserve and interpret this knowledge and the objects associated
with them rather than outside groups or national bodies.
The preservation of these objects and the preservation of knowledge are
two entirely different concepts. While in the curation of a preserved object the
function and location of the tangible material can be explained in an informal
manner, as on an information board or recording to explain to the passive
observer its meaning and relate understanding. The observer will experience the
sight and description, but the deep meaning of the object cannot be understood
without an actual experience presented in its natural environment. This analogy is similar to studying animal behavior in a zoo. One can hardly expect to understand
the full behaviors of the captive tiger, or any of the other great cats in a closed
breeding structure; for that understanding the animals must instead be observed
in their native habitat of the savannah.
A great deal of maritime heritage preservation efforts focus preserving
objects rather than the intangible aspects of knowledge that these objects
represent. Maritime heritage does include these objects, and relies on them, but
removing them from their native habitat, or functional location, diminishes the
possibility for the transmission of intangible heritage, which includes the ideas,
stories, songs and lore; that body of cultural knowledge that is tied to the vessels
themselves. It is when the functional object, the boat, is in the location of its
creation that the deep meaning of the objects’ role, and place within the
environment, community and culture, comes into view.
The modes of teaching and learning are relevant here, as the form of
curation required to extend the intangible aspects of maritime heritage, cannot be
conveyed in a passive sense. The constructivist instructional approach as
described by Bruner (1991) is one where the learner creates understanding
through personal experience and interaction with external environment. This is a
student-centered method that uses learning by doing, or an experiential model. It
is contrasted with an instructor-focused ‘ex cathedra’ approach where the student
is a passive receptor of knowledge and the instructor there to explicate meaning
to the group. In the case of intangible heritage much of the learning required to
perform tasks come in the variety of intrinsic knowledge that is transmitted
though tacit learning as described in chapter 1. Entwistle (2000) contrasts the two
methods stating surface learning is “matter of memorizing and reproducing
knowledge in ways acceptable to the teacher.” Deep learning creates “personal
meaning by transforming information and ideas in terms of their own previous
knowledge and understanding” (ibid:4). In the case of the curation of intangible
heritage, the need for a constructivist instruction to allow for deep learning to
transpire is most evident.
The previous chapters have built upon several themes that outline the
current state of preservation in the Adriatic and define elements necessary for their existence in the past and into the future. The guidelines set in order to have
the highest level of intergenerational intangible heritage follows as shown in the
semiotic square in chapter 1 (Figure 1) The in place/functional vessel supports
the highest level of intangible knowledge being passed down. The need for an
economic role of the vessel is clearly shown as not only the reason why the gajeta
from Murter has survived in great numbers up to this point, as shown in Part II
but, also the symbolic role as a član obitelji or family member, supports the
preservation of the vessel. This meaning, economic or otherwise which the local
island community has created has helped in its preservation. This has allowed for
the conservation of the great numbers of these vessels. The preservation of the
gajeta has occurred though defining and redefining a relevant purpose for the
vessel in the society in which it resides.
This brings about the question of the importance of authenticity.
Authenticity and functionality in this domain can be used interchangeably. In
regards to preservation of intangible heritage, functionality is paramount to
authenticity. An objects authenticity can be on a spectrum from truly authentic to
symbolically authentic. The importance that the tools are functional for the
educational process to occur, and the passing of knowledge to occur
generationally, is more relevant than the object or the tangible aspects of the
lesson itself.
For example, the terms used on the boat can be learned from the use of a
model, with each line in its proper place, and even the knots used could
conceivably be passed on, but the movement of the vessel in varying wind
conditions needs to be learned on the boat in the sea. The importance here is the
educational aspects of the voyage, not the authentic nature of the boat, or the
model. The important feature of the program is only that the intangible aspects
are being portrayed.
Creating a methodology of curating the intangible aspects of maritime
heritage, one that allows participants to learn and understand the meaning of this
knowledge, is a challenge. The first step in meeting that challenge is to present a
functional vessel in the place in which it resides. The methodology of the
maritime heritage trail allows the geographic flexibility, which can serve to unite several island and coastal regions, which are in process of maintaining local
maritime, ecological, and cultural knowledge for future generations. Synthesizing
a vast array of topics, the maritime heritage trail as a methodology serves to unite
several areas in the maritime region while allowing the participants to
independently develop, curate, and manage the body of knowledge and artifacts
that have been acquired throughout the centuries.
Utilizing this framework would put people in the center, and artifacts and
museums would align to help build on the ideas, knowledge, and lore of the story
that is being passed down. It is a fundamental shift in the nature of heritage
curation. Each member of the larger organization would be responsible for its
own heritage and the viewer is an active participant in the process rather than a
passive observer of the object itself. If the preservation of intangible maritime
heritage is one that the local society values, then the methodology of functional
preservation should be adopted and linked to other member organizations along a
route that chooses similar conceptual ideas.
Looking to the future, the curation, preservation and education activities
surrounding heritage vessels in the Adriatic can be supported by such a network.
However, each of these categories cannot be separated from one another. The
education of the younger generation cannot occur without the physical object in
which to perform the task and understand the meaning. The curation of the
objects provides a role for the community within the modern tourist economy that
is present along the coast. Lastly, youth education and cultural tourism can
provide meaning for the community members and outsiders who visit or live in
the region that the programs serve. The Adriatic coast and islands is a rich and
bountiful region with a cultural legacy that retained many of its historic maritime
craft, a collection that has few rivals. The preservation of these objects implicitly
ties knowledge, lore, and heritage together. Utilizing the functional methodology
of preservation will ensure the conservation of this legacy and safeguard
intangible maritime heritage for future generations. |