The health status of individuals and populations is one of the most fundamental subjects of bioarchaeological and medical research. By analizing the presence of bone tissue inflammation and bone damage, it is possible to form conclusions concernig individual health status, quality and length of life, as well as the spread of diseases among groups of people. Bone tissue inflammations are marked by multiple etiologies. In most cases, bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections are the cause of inflammation. However, the source of inflammation can also be of physiological origin, which is evident in the growth process in children. Inflammation also occures as a result of repeated physical activity in adults. Moreover, the fact that bone inflammation very often occurs as a secondary phenomenon due to primary diease or pathological condition is particulary important for studyng the health status. Tuberculosis, leprosy, brucellosis, syphilis and malaria are only a few of the diseases that cause inflammatory processes in the bone tissue. In the broad sense, inflammation apperas in the form of osteomyelitis which affects every layer of the bone, and traces of periostitis which are manifested on the surface of the bone. Precisely because of the complex etiologies of their formation and spreading, scientific reasearchers use macromorphological, micromorphological, microbiological and radiological methods of analysis to identify the origins of inflammation. The most significant difference between the two scientific approaches is the fact that in the modern medical reasearch all elements of the clinical picture are present, while bioarchaeological studies are based entirely on bone samples. For this reason, the methods used in medical reasearch are often not applicable in archaeological studies. This fact is the source of differences in conclusions about the health status between the two approaches.