Physicians and health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic are particularly vulnerable to mental health problems due to exposure to multiple stressors. Negative psychological consequences of physicians can lead to errors with significant consequences. Therefore, it is important to examine detailed information on physicians' mental health. The aim of the study was to examine gender differences in psychological distress, in the level of COVID-related worries, life satisfaction, and of using certain coping strategies, as well as gender-specific determinants of psychological distress in the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia. The online survey involved 203 male and 522 female physicians. A short version of the Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation-YP (CORE-YP) was used as a measure of psychological distress; as a measure of COVID-19 worries, the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS) was used, while life satisfaction was measured using a single item. The use of coping strategies were examined by the Coping Strategies Scale. The results showed that female physicians experienced higher levels of psychological distress and COVID-19 worries than their male colleagues, while no difference was found in their experience of life satisfaction. Female physicians also engaged in coping strategies more than male physicians. Significant predictors of psychological distress for male physicians are age, the experience of COVID-19 pandemic concerns and perceived life satisfaction. Predictors for female physicians' psychological distress are age, the experience of COVID-19 pandemic concerns and having a chronic illness, as well as life satisfaction and believing they did everything they could to help. These findings support the existence of gender differences in experiencing psychological distress among physicians. Additional analysis of the concerns and mental disorders of Croatian physicians is needed, and the practical implications guide the creation of gender-specific programs to provide psychological support, with special emphasis on developing programs that deal with worries.