Stroke is a consequence of intracerebral hemorrhage, aneurysm or cerebral ischemia, followed by cognitive and executive deficits. Vascular cognitive impairment after cerebrovascular insult is significantly conditioned by lateralization of brain lesions, dynamics of lesion formation, and cerebral reserve. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the stages of cognitive and executive deficits among patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and the correlation between lesion lateralization and cognitive deficits. A total of 83 patients were included in the study, of whom 44 had the ischemic stroke and 39 hemorrhagic stroke. Estimation of cognitive and executive deficits was performed 6 months after the stroke, using extensive neuropsychological tests. Differences in the type of lesion and localization of lesions were determined by nonparametric statistics and regression analysis. The results indicate that the type of stroke affects the cognitive and executive deficits differently: those with ischemic stroke have poorer results than those with hemorrhagic stroke in the area of some executive function, in particulat non-verbal fluency and planning. Furthermore, the type of cognitive function deficit depends on the lateralization of the lesion itself. This kind of research can contribute to understanding the relationship between stroke type, lateralization of the lesion, and the degree of cognitive deficits.