Plastic is a material in wide use for many years. It is most commonly used as packaging, but it is also found in clothing, children’s toys, electronic devices, cars, and disposable products. Great practical appliance leads to the huge amounts of plastic waste in the environment. Larger pieces of plastic are crushed into smaller ones under the influence of sunlight, sea water and winds. Microplastics present a major threat to the ecosystem and human health because they are imperceptible and they easily migrate into the environment. It has a large specific surface area on which pharmaceuticals and other pollutants can be adsorbed, thus contributing to their unwanted transport through the environment. Pharmaceuticals are compounds used in the prevention, treatment and reduction of diseases in humans and animals. The consequence of their use is the wide presence in the environment where these compounds accumulate and have a harmful effect on the ecosystem. This paper will provide an overview of previous research on the interaction of microplastics and pharmaceuticals in the environment. The mechanism of interaction between pharmaceuticals and microplastics, the influence of environmental factors (pH, ionic strength, dissolved organic matter, the influence of temperature and UV radiation), the influence of polymeric properties of plastics (crystallinity, polymer type and particle size) and the ecotoxicological impact of this type of pollution on the environment and human health will be explained.