| Abstract | U današnje vrijeme jedan od ključnih ekoloških problema je otpad. Od posebne važnosti je agroindustrijski otpad koji predstavlja opasnost za okoliš ako se njime ne gospodari na odgovarajući način. Duhanski otpad i komina maslina kategorizirani su kao agroindustrijski otpad koji sadrže visoke količine organske tvari, visoke koncentracije nikotina i fenola te ih zato nije moguće odložiti u okoliš bez prethodne obrade. Također, navedeni otpad sadrži visoke koncentracije složenih molekula kao što su lignin, celuloza i hemiceluloza te se kao takvi svrstavaju i u lignoceulozni otpad. Jedan od načina zbrinjavanja agroindustrijskog i lignoceluloznog otpada je proces kompostiranja. Kompostiranjem se biorazgradiva tvar prevodi u stabilan produkt-kompost, prilikom čega se oslobađaju CO2, NH3, voda i toplina. U ovom radu istraživana je biorazgradivost lignoceluloznog otpada, duhanskog otpada i komine masline procesom kompostiranja bez (P1) i uz (P2) inokulaciju mikroorganizama. U svrhu odabira mikroorganizama prethodno su postavljeni pokusi biorazgradnje lignoceluloznog otpada uz inokulaciju različitih kultura mikroorganizama kao što su Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma reesei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FN, Candida rugosa, Aspergillus fumigatus i aktinomiceti. Na temelju FTIR analize kulture P. chrysosporium i T. reesei pokazale su najveću sposobnost razgradnje lignoceluloznih komponenti te su korištene u pokusu kompostiranja. Proces kompostiranja provodio se u adijabatskom reaktoru radnog volumena 10 dm^3 s prisilnom aeracijom tijekom 28 dana. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju povećanje brzine procesa kompostiranja pomoću inokuliranih kultura u P2, odnosno termofilna faza se postiže 24 sata ranije i traje šest dana duže nego u P1. U procesu kompostiranja ukupno je nastalo 123 g kgHT0^-1 CO2 i 118 g kgHT0^-1 CO2 uz ukupnu vrijednost konverzije od 45 % i 35 % u P1 odnosno P2. Rezultati FTIR analize pokazuju da je došlo do razgradnje složenih organskih molekula u oba pokusa. |
| Abstract (english) | Nowadays, one of the major environmental issues is a solid waste. Agro-industrial waste is of a particular importance because it negatively influences on the environment if isn’t properly managed. Tobacco waste and olive pomace are categorized as agro-industrial waste, which contain considerable amount of organic matter, high concentration of nicotine and phenols and therefore they can’t be disposed of in landfills without treatment. Also, mentioned wastes contain high concentrations of complex molecules such lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, and therefore they are classified as lignocellulosic waste. Agroindustrial and lignocellulosic waste can be treated by composting process. During the composting process, biodegradable organic matter is converted to the stable product-compost, along with the production of CO2, NH3, water and releasing heat. In this work a biodegradability of lignocellulosic waste, tobacco waste and olive pomace, by composting process without (P1) and with (P2) inoculation of microorganisms was examined. In order to select microorganisms, previous biodegradation experiments of lignocellulosic waste with inoculation of different cultures of microorganisms such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma reesei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FN, Candida rugosa, Aspergillus fumigatus and actinomycetes were conducted. Results of FTIR analysis showed that fungal cells of P. chrysosporium and T. reesei have efficiently degraded lignocellulosic components and therefore they were inoculated in the composting experiment. Composting processes were conducted in a closed thermally insulated column reactor of an effective volume of 10 dm^3 and forced aeration during 28 days. The results of composting exp. in P2 show that the inoculated microorganisms have increased rate of biodegradation and the thermophilic phase has been achieved 24 h earlier and lasts six days longer than in exp. P1. The obtained conversion during process in P1 and P2 was 45 % and 35 %, respectively, and the mass of evolved carbon dioxide was 123 g kgVS0^-1 CO2, and 118 g kgVS0^-1 CO2, respectively. The FTIR analysis shows that in both processes a degradation of complex molecules was occured. |
