Maintaining personal hygiene is of great importance for one's own health. Hand hygiene is one of the main elements of personal hygiene in preventing formation and spread of diseases. Contaminated hands are the most common transmitters of intestinal, respiratory and infectious diseases. In order to prevent various infections it is important to adopt proper hand washing procedure from an early age. The aim of this paper was to examine the literature related to hand hygiene and dirty hands diseases, to analyze healthy and hygienic habits of primary school pupils in maintaining hand hygiene, and to explore which are the dirty hands diseases. For that purpose I used questionnaire of 13 questions. The research was conducted in 8 districts of primary school named “Matija Gubec” in Magadenovac: Kućanci, Beničanci, Lacići, Šljivoševci, Golinci, Miholjački Poreč, Radikovci and Čamagajevci; and in primary school in Marijanci. 146 pupils VII from the first to the fourth grade participated in the study. The research has shown that the majority of pupils maintain hand hygiene and know proper hand washing procedure. The theoretical part was dealing with a personal hygiene as a branch of hygiene with an emphasis on hand hygiene; with the steps of proper hand washing procedure; di rty hands diseases and with causes and ways of spreding dirty hands diseases. The most common dirty hands diseases of primary school children and the purpose of healt education with an emphasis on the module “Healthy Living” were highlighted, as well.