This paper explores and gives philosophical-theological interpretations the phenomenon of the voice of conscience. Interpretations are based on the understandings of three philosophers, on Christian doctrine in the scriptures of the Old Testament and the New Testament, in St. Paul and in St. Augustine. First observed is Socrates and his fidelity to the divine voice by which he knows of his mission to men from which he does not give up and to which he sacrifices his own life. Then, Heidegger´s description of conscience as a call to authenticity was viewed as a call to authenticity that calls a lost man to auhenticity. Hannah Arendt shows conscience as a phenomenon that has no power that could shape human life, that power she attaches to opinion. In Christian doctrine the conscience is 59 seen as a meeting place of God and man, but which must be shaped in order to arrive at the correctness of action. In modern word, conscience is faced with challenging situations in society marked by different ideological directions that oppose the conscience of individual people bacause of their religious, moral and ethical beliefs. Therefore, human rights and the right to appeal to conscience have been introduced in international and domestic law, which has the role of guardian and defender of human rights. The Church, through its teaching, orders the citizens to appeal to their conscience and to refuse obedience to the civil authorities who pass positive laws, if we oppose them against the natural law from which the basic rights of the human derive.