| Abstract | Nedovoljna tjelesna aktivnost (TA) i neprimjerena prehrana djece i mladih postala je rastućim problemom suvremenog društva jer uvjetuje porast prekomjerne tjelesne mase i pojavu pretilosti već u predškolskoj i mlađoj školskoj dobi.Cilj istraživanja je na uzorku 402 učenika (10 g 6 mjeseci) Zadarske županije utvrditi povezanost prehrambenih navika i razine TA sa pokazateljima statusa uhranjenosti i sastava tijela, te ispitati postoje li razlike u tim karakteristikama s obzirom na spol i mjesto stanovanja (urbana sredina-ruralna sredina). Pokazatelji statusa uhranjenosti su opseg trbuha (OT), suma kožnih nabora (SN), indeks tjelesne mase(ITM), indeks za procjenu rizičnog tipa pretilosti (ITP), subskapularno tricipitalniindeks (STI) i udjel masnog tkiva. Unos makronutrijenata procijenjen je primjenom upitnika frekvencija konzumiranja hrane (Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ) (Pedišići sur. 2008), dok su prehrambene navike i neke druge životne navike procijenjene općim upitnikom. Razina TA procijenjena je s Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-Cupitnikom) (Crocker i sur. 1997). Izračunati su Spearmanovi koeficijenti korelacije,primijenjena je regresijska analiza za utvrđivanje povezanosti, te Man Whitney U test zautvrđivanje razlika s obzirom na mjesto stanovanja i s obzirom na spol. Učenici imaju značajno viši ITM, ITP i OT od učenica, te su značajno tjelesno aktivniji (imaju značajno višu ukupnu razinu TA, te u TA u školi za vrijeme malog i velikog odmora). U unosu makronutrijenata i u prehrambenim navikama nisu dobivene značajne razlike. Učenici jedino značajno više konzumiraju brzu hranu. Na uzorku učenika ne postoji značajna povezanost unosa makroutrijenata s pokazateljima statusa uhranjenosti i sastava tijela, dok na uzorku učenica postoji značajna povezanost apsolutnog unosa proteina i masti s pojedinim indikatorima, što potvrđuje i regresijska analiza. Rezultati ukazuju na to da se unos pojedinih makronutrijenata različito manifestira s obzirom na spol. Od prehrambenih navika sa indikatorima statusa uhranjenosti na uzorku učenika značajno koreliraju učestalost doručkovanja i broj obroka preko dana, a kod učenica varijable koliko često doručkuješ, koliko često jedeš voće i koliko često jedeš povrće. Na uzorku učenika je TA na satu tjelesne i zdravstvenekulture (tzk) u značajnoj korelaciji sa najvećim brojem indikatora statusa uhranjenosti i sastava tijela, kao i TA po danima. Kod učenica su u značajnoj korelaciji s pokazateljima statusa uhranjenosti i sastava tijela TA u slobodno vrijeme i ukupna razina TA. Učenici sa urbanih područja imaju značajno višu SN, ITP, STI i % masti, dok ne postoje značajne razlike u unosu makronutrijenata i u većini prehrambenih navika, osim u učestalosti konzumacije brze hrane. Učenici imaju značajno više vrijednosti TA u slobodno vrijeme, TA za vrijeme velikog odmora, TA odmah nakon škole, TA u večernjim satima, TA vikendom, samoprocjeni TA, TA po danima i ukupnoj razini TA. Buduća istraživanja bi trebalo usmjeriti pretiloj djeci, kako bi se moglo ustanoviti što od navedenih uzroka najviše utječe na problem njihove povišene tjelesne mase. Razumijevanje uzroka dječje pretilosti je ključno, jer se jedino tako mogu usredotočiti resursi, intervencije i istraživanja u smjerovima koji bi bili najkorisniji u rješavanju problema. |
| Abstract (english) | Insufficient physical activity (TA) and inappropriate nutrition of children and young people has become a growing problem in contemporary society, because causes increaseing overweight and obesity as early as preschool and younger school age.The aim of the research was performed on 402 pupils (10 years 6 months) of Zadar County, to determine the relationship between dietary habits and levels of PA with indicators of nutritional status and body composition, and to determine whether there are differences in these characteristics with regard to gender and place ofresidence (urban area -rural area). Indicators of nutritional status are waist circumference (WT), skinfold sum (SN), body mass index (BMI), an index for the assessment of risk of type obesity (ITP), subskapular/ tricipital index (STI) andpercentage of body fat.
Macronutrient intake was estimated using the questionnaire frequency of consumption of food (Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ) (Pedišić et al. 2008), while dietary habits and other lifestyle habits estimated a general questionnaire. The level of PA was estimated with the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-C questionnaire) (Crocker et al. 1997). The Spearman correlation coefficients have been calculated, regression analysis was used to determine the relatedness, and Man Whitney U test was used to determine gender differences and differences with regard to the place of residence. Male pupils have higher BMI, ITP and WT of the female students, and are significantly physically active (have a significantly higher overall level of PA and higher PA in the school during the rest). Significant differences in intake of macronutrients and dietary habits were not found. Male students significantly consume more fast food. In a sample of male students there is no significant correlation of macronutrient intake with indicators of nutritional status and body composition, while on the sample of female students there is a significant correlation between the absolute intake of protein and fat with some indicators, as confirmed by the regression analysis. Of all eating habits, in a sample of male students, with indicators of nutritional status significantly correlate frequency of having breakfast and the number of meals during the day. In a sample of female students, with indicators of nutritional status, significantly correlate frequency of having breakfast, and variables how often do you eat fruit and how often you eat vegetables.In a sample of male students physical activity level during the class of physical education (PE), significantly correlate with the highest number of indicators of nutritional status and body composition, as well as the PA during the day. In a sample of female students significantly correlated were PA during leisure time and the overalllevel of PA. Students from urban areas have a significantly higher SN, ITP, STI and % of fat, while there are no significant differences in macronutrient intake and in most dietary habits, except in the frequency of consumption of fast food. Male students have significantly higher value od PA during leisure time, PA during the school rest, PA immediately after school, PA in the evenings, PA during weekends, self-assessment of PA, PA during the day and the overall level of PA. Future research should be directed to obese children, in order to determine which of listed causes have the most impact on the problem of their increased body mass. Understanding the causes of childhood obesity isessential, for focusing resources, interventions and studies in directions that would be most useful in resolving problems. |
