The leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the developed countries of the world are malignant and cardiovascular diseases. Progressive aging of the population and exposure to risk factors increase the prevalence of these diseases and it is very likely that cancer patients also have cardiovascular disease at the same time. Although advances in the treatment of malignancies lead to longer survival, the adverse effects of oncology therapy increase the risk of exacerbation of existing cardiovascular disease or the development of new complications that may manifest as symptomatic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders, ischemic heart disease, thromboembolic incidents and inflammatory and valvular heart diseases. However, one of the most significant consequences is myocardial damage, ie heart failure, which is most often understood as cardiotoxicity. These complications can develop shortly after the start of therapy, but also several years after the end of oncological treatment. The severity of the clinical picture depends primarily on the type of therapy used, but also on the applied doses, the duration of therapy and the sensitivity of the patient. In addition to the previously known cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapy, cardiac side effects are not absent neither with the use of newer biological drugs and immunotherapy. This paper describes the most commonly used drugs as representatives of individual therapeutic groups, the mechanisms by which they achieve cardiotoxic effects and the incidence of complications associated with their use. The occurrence of cardiovascular disease during or after oncological treatment significantly affects the outcome of the underlying disease, ie the quality of life after cessation of oncological treatment. In order to ensure the best possible care for patients on oncology therapy, regular cardiac monitoring is necessary both during and after the end of treatment.