Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial and polygenic disease, which affects joints as well as the periarticular tissue, and it represents a huge economic cost to public health systems worldwide. Numerous genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease are already identified. More recently, the epigenetic mechanisms are being researched as the potential risk factors for osteoarthritis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding molecules which play a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Their genes make up to 1-2% of the total genome and it is thought that they could potentially regulate up to 30% of the coding genes. MiRNAs have important role in the pathogenesis of some cancers, cardiovascular, autoimmune, skin and neurological diseases. Furthermore, the above mentioned molecules have an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Various miRNA molecules are expressed differently in the cartilage affected by osteoarthritis as compared to the healthy cartilage. Certain miRNA molecules have also been shown to regulate enzymes responsible for cartilage degradation, some were associated with the regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis and some involved in cartilage regeneration processes. Due to these findings, some of the following studies tried to prove the connection between certain single nucleotide polymorphisms of some miRNA genes and the proneness to osteoarthritis. Given that all current therapies for osteoarthritis aim at treating the consequences of the disease rather than curing the cause, further research into etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis is required. The MiRNA molecules could play an important role in the pathogenesis of the osteoarthritis and might easily be among the potential targets for the new pharmaceutical therapies.