Bioterrorism is a type of terrorism which uses biological agents for acts of terror. Bioterrorist acts are most often committed by organized groups and individuals with various motivations, including political and religious reasons. Biological agents have been used for attacks since ancient times, but it was not until the 20th century, when the obstacles in production and use, due to the development of microbiology, were reduced. Suitable bioterrorism agents are those that cause diseases with high morbidity and mortality, are highly infectious, are easy to produce in large quantities, and could be used in forms suitable for committing terrorist attacks (e.g., aerosol). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies bioterrorism agents into three categories (A, B, and C) based on their characteristics. The most significant bioterrorism agents are Bacillus anthracis, the botulinum toxin of Clostridium botulinum, Yersinia pestis, and the variola virus. B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, which can be transmitted via aerosol in the form of spores. The botulinum toxin causes botulism and is transmitted through food. Y. pestis is the causative agent of bubonic plague and can be transmitted via aerosol. The variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox, a disease with high mortality that has been eradicated. Each bioterrorism agent is associated with distinct clinical presentations that often have a fulminant course with high mortality, requiring different therapeutic approaches, which in many cases are not sufficiently effective or specific. Public health plays a significant role in the response, management, and prevention of bioterrorism. By clearly defining protocols in the event of bioterrorism attacks, an adequate response with favorable clinical outcomes for victims can be ensured, along with informing and educating the public and preventing future terrorist attacks.