Cardiac anaesthesiology is a specialized branch of anaesthesiology focused on the care of patients undergoing heart surgery. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the concept of fast-track cardiac anaesthesia (FTCA) began to be introduced because a search to improve recovery times and reduce cost was being carried out. After some clinical trials the benefits such as reduction in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and additionally, in the hospital, and improvement in patient satisfaction without compromising morbidity or mortality, were demonstrated and allowed the implementation by the early 2000s. FTCA emerged as a response to the need for more efficient, cost-effective and patientcentered care in cardiac surgery, and includes optimized anaesthesia, early extubation and early mobilization, all of which contribute to rapid recovery. The protocol uses low-dose opioids, volatile anaesthetic agents, and short-acting neuromuscular blockers to provide quick sedation, reversal and hemodynamic stability while facilitating early extubation within 1-10 hours after surgery. In this thesis, fast-track and conventional anaesthetic protocols are compared, highlighting FTCA’s benefits, and identifying potential complications and predictors of failure while stating the extubation criteria, perioperative goals and risk factors. In conclusion, FTCA offers significant advantages in cardiac surgery, including economic benefits from shorter hospital stays and better patient outcomes. Despite challenges and risks, careful patient selection and strict perioperative management are crucial for successful FTCA implementation. Continuous research and improvements are necessary to further enhance its effectiveness and patient care in surgery.