FOXP2 gene is a transcriptional factor belonging to FOX family of genes responsible for regulation of expression of many other genes. It is situated on the long arm of 7th chromosome. The gene was first discovered during the study of English KE family of which more than half family members had difficulties with mouth control, developing dyspraxia and total speech and writing impairment. Based on these findings it was assumed that FOXP2 gene has a major role in the development of speech and language in humans making FOXP2 “a gene for speech”. ----- During detail analyses of the DNA sequence and the protein FOXP2 it was noted that human version of the protein differs from the mouse version in only 3 components, while the version of other primates differs from the human version in 2 components, which makes this gene very well preserved during evolution. Furthermore, it was proven that these human specific changes occurred relatively recently (over last 200,000 years) during human evolution, that FOXP2 is a gene with positive selection during human evolution and that it underwent a process of accelerated evolution in humans. ----- Analyses of the expression of FOXP2 gene brought evidences about its existence in structures which are an important part of the motoric system (motoric cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum) and in the structures important for speech and language (Broca’s area and superior temporal gyrus). Although many evidences suggest that FOXP2 gene impairment leads to speech difficulties in humans, recent studies suggest that FOXP2 has a much wider effect and that the language impairment is only a secondary consequence of the mutation of this gene. It seems that the core problem of establishing the connection between the FOXP2 gene with the development of speech is the fact that multifunctional gene with pleiotropic effect is trying to be connected with complex fenotype which speech is. The exact role of FOXP2 gene in the development of speech is not established yet and it still is in focus of many scientific studies.