The purpose of this thesis is to provide the overview of new insights into acute kidney injury (AKI), incidence of which is constantly increasing all over the world, as well as the overview of the research that deals with the association between this condition and the development of chronic renal disease (CRD). The interest for this type of association has largely increased during the last decade. The thesis is composed of four Chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects. Chapter One gives introduction, while Chapter Two concentrates on new information about AKI and is subdivided into six chapters dealing with the definition and classification, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this condition. In this part of the paper the emphasis is on experimental research about pathogenesis of AKI and evidence of AKI transition into CRD, as well as on some new insights into AKI, such as novel biomarkers, the purpose of which has still been investigated. Chapter Three focuses on the scientific research that deals with the association of AKI and CRD, with frequency of this process and factors that can affect it. It is subdivided into two parts, first of which is concentrating on adults, and the other on children. Conclusions are drawn in Chapter Four, suggesting a large amount of CRD caused by AKI.