Epilepsy is a paroxysmal disturbance of consciousness associated with synchronized, abnormal and spontaneous seizures that may occur diffusely or focally. A major problem today is pharmacoresistant, inoperable epilepsy, which still affects a significant number of patients. The most common form of focal epilepsy is temporolimbic epilepsy. The epileptogenic focus of temporolimbic epilepsy is most often associated with hippocampal sclerosis. There are several theories of epileptic seizures which include the loss of GABA stimulation, the perforant pathway stimulation and the inadequate differentiation of granular cells from the subgranular zone, but also the role of mossy cells, especially their reduced number after traumatic brain injury. Therefore, several types of animal models have been developed to carry out studies for better understanding of the pathophysiological bases of epilepsy. Their importance lies in the fact that experimental induction of epileptic seizures on humans with the purpose of exploring new antiepileptics is not allowed because of ethical reasons. It is therefore essential to develop the most credible animal epileptic model on which specific research could be carried out. In experiments, epilepsy can be induced by chemicals, i.e. systemic or intrahippocampal application of substances such as kainic acid or pilocarpine. Another option is the electrophysiological stimulation of the main pathway leading from the entorhinal cerebral cortex to the hippocampus, i.e. the perforant pathway. Since none of these methods is completely selective, the need for a new approach appeared. Optogenetics is a method by which externally applied light can deliberately activate or inhibit specific neurons after experimental insertion of the receptor voltage channels, i.e. opsines. The specificity of this method lies in the fact that it is possible to induce or stop epileptic seizures by selecting a receptor type that will be expressed on the cell membrane. Time and space specificity are achieved by synchronized application of light by means of an optical fiber implanted into the focal area. If the light source, a laser or a diode, is connected to an EEG device that records electrical outbreaks we can stop an induced seizure at the right time. Because of the above mentioned advantages, optogenetics will contribute to better understanding of the neurobiological basis of epileptic seizures, as well as the development of potential new therapeutic approaches.