Treatment of sports injuries is an extremely demanding area in medical practice. Its complexity stems from a number of factors among which the creation of an appropriate therapy program stands out, after which the damaged tissue must return to its original shape not only in terms of structure but also functionality, as well as pressure from people in the immediate environment of the injured athlete, such as sponsors, media and even the athlete himself who wants to return to sports as soon as possible, often not thinking about the consequences, and in the end, limitation in the choice of therapeutic methods to be used in treatment. Sports medicine, like medicine in general, has made great progress in terms of prevention and diagnosis of injuries, but at the same time, in terms of therapies, for a long time there have not been any major changes. Today still, just like a few decades ago, practically the same algorithms are applied in treatment, such as PRICE (Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) protocol in the treatment of acute soft tissue injuries, use of classic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, use of electricity, magnets, lasers, and ultrasound in a physical rehabilitation program after the initial care of the injury. Although the effectiveness of these methods cannot be denied, injuries treated that way often turn into a chronic form, and due to the lack of natural mechanisms for repairing damaged tissues, fibrosis often occurs on the site of the injury, and thus there is an increased risk of recurrence. For this reason, modern sports medicine requires the discovery and application of new methods in the treatment of this type of injuries. As things stand, such changes may occur in the near future. By introducing biological treatments into medical practice, such as platelet-rich plasma or mesenchymal stem cells, it is possible to revolutionize the treatment of sports injuries in terms of seeking recovery, quality and functionality of tissues after treatment and even prevention of future similar injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from a number of different tissues in the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, synovium, peripheral blood and perinatal tissue, but in the same way, different types differ in terms of potential for proliferation and differentiation into other tissues. In this systematic review of literature, the evaluation of currently available data on the subject of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and stem cell application in the treatment of various tissue defects was performed. The short conclusion of this research is that there truly do exist extremely promising data related to the use of stem cells in sports medicine, but also that a large number of studies regarding that topic yet need to be conducted, to determine with certainty all advantages and potential shortcomings of this type of treatment.