Title Povezanost srama s vulnerabilnim i grandioznim crtama ličnosti narcizma Title (english) The association between shame and vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic personality traits Author Marija Eterović Mentor Vesna Medved (mentor)Mentor Vedran Bilić (komentor)Committee member Darko Marčinko (predsjednik povjerenstva)Committee member Ivan Begovac (član povjerenstva)Committee member Rudolf Gregurek (član povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2021-06-02, Croatia Scientific / art field, BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE Universal decimal classificationUDC ) 616 - Pathology. Clinical medicine Abstract Važni klinički aspekti intimne veze između srama i narcizma koji se zapostavljaju u empirijskim istraživanjima bili su polazište ovog doktorskog rada. Naime, dosadašnja su se istraživanja fokusirala samo na grandiozne aspekte narcizma, dok klinički koncept narcizma uključuje i narcističku vulnerabilnost. Nadalje, narcizam se procjenjuje kao kategorijski, ne i dimenzionalni konstrukt. Uz to, sram se mjeri preko ukupnog skora srama na samoocjenskim ljestvicama srama i krivnje, čime se zaobilazi njegova nesvjesna dinamika. Tako nizak skor srama ne razlikuje osobe s autentično niskim sramom od osoba s obrambeno niskim sramom i visokom razinom nesvjesnog (skrivenog ili nepriznatog) srama.
Stoga smo istražili povezanost srama s grandioznim, ali i vulnerabilnim aspektima narcizma, procjenjujući pritom oba aspekta dimenzionalno (ispitanici se nisu klasificirali kao grandiozni ili vulnerabilni, već je za svakog procijenjen stupanj grandioznosti i vulnerabilnosti). K tome, budući da nije postojala hrvatska verzija ljestvice koja mjeri sklonosti sramu i krivnji, u pripremnim smo istraživanjima preveli i istražili faktorsku validnost i pouzdanost najčešće korištene ljestvice koja mjeri sklonost navedenim emocijama preko scenarija koji ih provociraju.
Kako bismo putem samoocjenskih ljestvica dobili uvid u nesvjesnu dinamiku srama, uz ukupan smo skor srama na ljestvicama istražili i strukturu individualnih odgovora na domeni srama te dinamiku odgovora na intenziviranim scenarijima srama koje smo pridodali originalnim scenarijima. Naime, s ciljem razlikovanja osoba s autentično niskim sramom od osoba s obrambeno niskim sramom, pojačali smo intenzitet scenarija koji provociraju sram u samoocjenskoj ljestvici srama i krivnje te smo ih, zajedno s originalnim scenarijima i ljestvicama koje procjenjuju grandioznu i vulnerabilnu dimenziju narcizma, elektroničkim putem primijenili na 1077 hrvatskih studenata različitih studija (srednja dob 24.63 godine; 85.51% žene). Pritom smo pretpostavljali da će osobe s autentično niskim sramom (koji prevladava kod vulnerabilnog narcizma) izvještavati o povišenim razinama srama na intenziviranim scenarijima, dok će osobe s obrambeno niskim sramom (koji prevladava kod grandioznog narcizma) uslijed rigidne mobilizacije nesvjesnih obrana biti nereaktivne na intenzivirane scenarije, odnosno da neće izvještavati o povišenim razinama srama na intenziviranim scenarijima.
Analiza podataka to je potvrdila. Za razliku od vulnerabilnosti, što je grandioznost (i, pretpostavljeno, skriveni sram) bila veća, to su osobe izvještavale o nižim razinama srama te je njihova reaktivnost na intenzivirane scenarije opadala. Pritom je rasla varijabilnost njihovih odgovora na domeni srama. Šansa da je osoba koja je nereaktivna na intenzivirane scenarije visoko grandiozna bila je značajno veća u odnosu na osobu čiji je prosječni skor srama (na intenziviranim scenarijima) porastao.
Nereaktivnost na intenzivirane scenarije govori u prilog obrane protiv srama, prije negoli niske sklonosti sramu. Stoga se može koristiti kao metoda otkrivanja nesvjesnog srama i razlikovanja osoba s autentično niskim sramom od osoba čiji nizak skor srama upućuje na upravo visoke razine nesvjesnog srama koji inače ostaje neistražen usprkos dubokim psihološkim učincima.
Abstract (english) Important clinical aspects of the intimate relationship between shame and narcissism are systematically neglected in empirical research. Namely, previous research has focused only on the grandiose aspects of narcissism, while the clinical concept of narcissism includes narcissistic vulnerability. Furthermore, narcissism is assessed as a categorical, not a dimensional construct. Moreover, shame is assessed through the overall score on self-reported measures, thus bypassing its unconscious dynamics. Consequently, low shame scores on self-reported measures do not distinguish between genuine and defensive low (unacknowledged) shame.
Therefore, we investigated the association of shame with grandiose but also vulnerable aspects of narcissism, assessing both aspects dimensionally (respondents were not classified as grandiose or vulnerable, but the degree of grandiosity and vulnerability was assessed for each). Also, since there was no Croatian version of the measure that assesses proneness to shame and guilt, in the preparatory research we translated and investigated the factor validity and reliability of the most commonly used scenario measure of shame- and guilt-proneness.
To gain insight into the unconscious dynamics of shame through self-assessment measures, in addition to the total shame score, we examined the structure of individual responses in the shame domain and the dynamics of responses to intensified shame scenarios that we added to the original scenarios. Namely, to distinguish between genuine and defensive low shame, we intensified shame-inducing scenarios of the self-report measure of shame- and guilt-proneness and applied them with the original scenarios and with self-report measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic personality traits to 1,077 Croatian students from diverse universities (Mage = 24.63; 85.51 % female) recruited online. We defined shame responsiveness as the average difference between shame scores on the intensified and original scenarios and assumed that participants with genuine low shame (prevalent in vulnerable narcissism) will report greater shame on intensified scenarios, while those with defensive low shame (prevalent in grandiose narcissism) may rigidly mobilize unconscious defenses and tend not to report greater shame (shame unresponsiveness).
Data analyses supported this. In contrast to narcissistic vulnerability, as grandiosity (and, presumably, unacknowledged shame) increased, self-reported shame-proneness and shame responsiveness decreased, while intraindividual variability of shame domain increased. Participants who were unresponsive to intensified scenarios were significantly more likely to be high in grandiosity than those whose average shame score increased.
Unresponsiveness to intensified scenarios suggests a defense against shame, rather than low propensity to shame experiences and may help us recognize participants whose low self-reported shame (only) hides a large portion of shame that cannot be acknowledged and that otherwise remains unexamined, despite its powerful psychological consequences.
Keywords
sram
narcizam
vulnerabilnost
gransioznost
samoocjenska ljestivca
mjera sklonosti srama i krivnje
Keywords (english)
shame
narcissism
vulnerability
gracefulness
self-assessment scales
a measure of the propensity for shame and guilt
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:105:976450 Promotion 2021 Study programme Title: Biomedicine and Health Sciences Type of resource Text Extent 122 str. File origin Born digital Access conditions Open access Terms of use Created on 2021-08-03 09:38:46
