Human lymphatic system has numerous roles. It participates in the immune response on foreign antigens, returns excess fluid from the intercellular fluid back into the bloodstream, and participates in the transport of some substances such as proteins and fat. Disturbances in the outflow of lymph lead to the accumulation of fluid and proteins in the intercellular fluid, which consequently leads to the formation of lymphedema. Lymphedema is a chronic progressive disease that affects around 250 million people worldwide. There are two types of lymphedema, primary and secondary, depending on the cause. Primary lymphedema is caused by genetic disorders, and it is often hereditary. Secondary lymphedema appears after injuries, oncological treatment, in obese people or caused by parasitic infection. Patients with lymphedema are presented with edema of the affected body part, a feeling of tension, pain, and in the later stages with trophic changes on the skin, recurrent infections, and changes in the nails. According to the International Lymphology Association, lymphedema is divided into four stages. Stage 0 indicates latent lymphedema, Stage I minimal, Stage II moderate, and Stage III indicates a severe form of lymphedema. When diagnosing lymphedema, we use lymphoscintigraphy as the gold standard, and other methods such as limb circumference measurement, Magnetic Resonance Imagining and ultrasound can help in assessing the clinical condition or in preparations for the surgery. Treatment of lymphedema is primarily conservative, using complex decongestive therapy. If conservative therapy is not effective, surgical treatment can be attempted. The most performed operations in the treatment of lymphedema are liposuction and microsurgical techniques. Microsurgical treatment of lymphedema consists of two main techniques, lymphatic bypass, which achieves revascularization, and vascularized lymph node transfer, which replaces the lymph node mostly removed during oncological surgical treatment.