Pain is a complex and highly subjective experience. Pain processing is pathophysiologically complex and is determined by various biological, psychological, and social factors, that reciprocally interact and form a pain sensation characteristic of the individual. Acute pain is a signal of potential tissue damage and is evolutionary important, while chronic pain doesn’t serve a purpose, represents a great deal of suffering, and is considered “a disease in its own right”. Chronic pain is a term that encompasses a wide range of painful conditions that are classified either as primary or secondary chronic pain. Living with chronic pain is a burden to the individual and the community, and affects different aspects of physical and mental health, as well as social roles. The biopsychosocial model of disease is particularly applicable to chronic pain and recognizes that it is the result of interaction of many factors that then define the characteristics of a pain syndrome, such as pain intensity, mental state, social functioning, and overall quality of life. This model is a starting point for the diagnostics and evaluation of a chronic pain condition and the patient as a whole, and the consequent formation of an individualized therapeutic approach. Considering the complexity of a chronic pain syndrome, its treatment has to be multimodal. There is a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological options that can be combined and adjusted according to specific patient needs. Besides the control of pain intensity, it is especially important to address psychosocial factors and intervene in order to provide optimal functioning and quality of life despite chronic pain. The purpose of this review was to present the contemporary definition, classification, and pathophysiology of pain, as well as to describe the diagnosis, general treatment and treatment modalities of chronic pain.