The first physician who tried to use ultrasound for imaging of human organs was a neurologist named Karl Dussik, who tried to show the change in size of the cerebral hemisphere in a patient suffering from a brain tumor. Bruno Fornage was the first to publish a paper describing the successful imaging of a peripheral nerve using an ultrasound device. The ultrasound image of a normal peripheral nerve corresponds to the anatomy of the nerve at the macroscopic and microscopic level. Peripheral nerve affected by a pathologic process can take on a variety of non-specific characteristics on an ultrasound image. The most common changes observed are an increase in the cross-sectional area of the nerve (CSA) and decreased echogenicity of the nerve. In the case of traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves, the characteristic fascicular appearance of the injured nerve structure may disappear and changes in the intraneural blood flow may be detected using Color-Doppler ultrasound method. Field for application of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve diseases includes entrapment syndromes, peripheral nerve trauma, nerve damage in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, peripheral nerve damage mediated by acute or chronic autoimmune inflammatory processes, and peripheral nerve damage resulting from hereditary diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common pathology of the peripheral nerve for which ultrasonography is used. A universal measure for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve at the entrance to the carpal tunnel. Ultrasonography has a sensitivity and specificity greater than 80% in the demonstration of ulnar neuropathy in the elbow. Successful imaging of the ulnar nerve in the wrist is more demanding than imaging of the median nerve in the same region. Ultrasonography can determine the extent of the injury to the peroneal nerve caused by the dislocation of the knee joint. Ultrasonography provides prompt information regarding the sustained traumatic injury of a peripheral nerve and additional information about the state of the peripheral nerve, which is crucial for proper treatment of the injury. With technological advances and the development of High-resolution sonography (HRUS), ultrasonography provides the possibility for rapid detection of recent nerve lesions in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Bochum ultrasound score (BUS) can be used to distinguish CIDP from AIDP using ultrasonography. Ultrasonography provides the greatest benefit in establishing the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disease in instances of unknown family history of the disease, mild clinical symptoms of the disease, uncertain EMNG findings or the inability of the patient to cooperate during an EMNG.