Despite the overall reduction in the number of smokers worldwide and the advancements in lung cancer treatment, it still remains the most common cause of death among all types of cancer. The majority of lung cancers are still diagnosed at advanced stages, often leading to a fatal outcome. Over the past 20 years, research on early detection of lung cancer has shown significant progress. The incidence rate of lung cancer in Croatia is 76.2 per 100,000 individuals, and in 2021, a total of 2,814 people died from lung cancer. The most important factor causing lung cancer is smoking. Since the late 1990s, low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been increasingly used for lung cancer screening, enabling imaging with low radiation doses. The image quality obtained through this imaging protocol is sufficient to detect suspicious nodules. In order to avoid unnecessary overtreatment, algorithms are being developed to classify these nodules. Several studies have been conducted across Europe and the United States, with the two largest ones being NLST and NELSON. The results of these studies demonstrate a significant difference in the overall number of diagnosed cancers in the screening group compared to the control group. Cancers diagnosed in the screening group are more often in the early stage compared to the control group. Long-term follow-up of participants in both studies has also shown a reduction in overall mortality among those who underwent LDCT screening, which is the ultimate goal of the research. The European Commission is making significant efforts to prepare guidelines and organize screening programs to be implemented in all European Union countries. The organizational structure of the European Union, where each country has its own laws, poses challenges to the process, but it is believed that the screening process will be initiated in the near future in all European countries. Croatia has taken the first steps and started implementing the program in 2020. The guidelines are continuously revised to ensure the obtained data is reliable and to minimize deviations due to research errors.