Cardiovascular diseases are a major public health problem, and significant resources are being invested in their treatment. With the expected increase in the number of patients in the future, a higher number of severe cases, specifically those with advanced heart failure, can be anticipated. Advanced heart failure is a clinical syndrome associated with high mortality rates. Patients in the advanced stage exhaust all pharmacological treatment options, and the only remaining options are transplantation or mechanical circulatory support. Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) can be of great help to such patients. One reason is that not all patients meet the criteria for transplantation, and the limited availability of organs is another factor. Currently, LVAD is used in four indications, but these are not clearly separated since a patient who starts LVAD treatment for one indication may transition to another therapeutic indication. The discovery of microRNA molecules (miRNA) has initiated intensive research on their role in various diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. Numerous new findings have emerged regarding the role of miRNA in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Considering that LVAD is used in the treatment of these patients, recent studies have focused on miRNA expression during LVAD use. It is known that LVAD treatment has advantages and disadvantages, and research efforts aim to determine the mechanisms that play a role in the response to treatment. Studies measure both miRNA expression in tissues and miRNA expression in circulation. The progress in the research of circulating miRNA holds great promise because initial results suggest that circulating miRNA could potentially be used as biomarkers in the future, and perhaps even in disease treatment. The data collected from this research provide insights into the circulating miRNA discovered so far and their plasma profiles in LVAD-treated patients with heart failure. Research in this field is still in its early stages, and further development is needed to progress towards clinical application.