Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system and is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia in people over 65 years of age. Given that AD occurs in older age, it represents an increasing public health problem at the global level due to the increase in life expectancy and the increase in the proportion of the elderly population. The complex and unknown etiopathogenesis of the disease slowed down the finding of a successful therapy. The first drugs appeared on the market at the end of the nineties of the last century. Their action was based on the discovery that in AD there is a deterioration of cholinergic neurons and a lack of acetylcholine in basal nucleus of the brain. Drugs that increase concentrations of acetylcholine by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme are: donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Memantine, which is an N-metil-D-aspartat (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is also available on the market. AD was treated symptomatically for years, although these drugs did not show adequate success in treatment. New knowledge and understanding in the field of pathogenesis and diagnostics of neurodegenerative diseases have opened during the last few years completely new directions in the development of new drugs. Histological findings in AD are characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid (senile) plaques (accumulations of β-amiloid) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (accumulations of phosphorylated tau protein). New therapeutic research is focused on the metabolism of the accumulation of these AD-specific proteins. The greatest success was achieved with drugs whose action is based on the removal of β-amyloid plaques. A major breakthrough was made with lecanemab, a monoclonal antibody specific for amyloid plaques that was approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at the beginning of 2023. Drugs aimed at reducing accumulation of tau-protein are in the early stages of clinical studies. In addition to the mentioned drugs, part of the research is focused on the clinical relevance of pharmacological substances that are used in treating other clinical conditions, so their original purpose was not aimed for treatment of AD.