Oncological disease is one of te most severe chronic diseases and the leading cause of death in the world. It greatly impairs quality of life and one of the most difficult symptoms it brings with it is pain. Pain in oncology patients is the result of tumor growth and its metastases, their pressure on surrounding structures and infiltration of neural structures. Medical interventions, both diagnostic, such as biopsies, and curative, such as chemotherapy, also contribute to the development of pain. It is caused by various mechanisms, so its treatment is also complex. Usually pharmacological therapy is used depending on the intensity of the pain, and therefore it is important to evaluate the pain well. The subjective nature of pain makes it difficult to develop diagnostic tools for pain assessment and to clearly evaluate the effect of some of the methods. Despite this, long-term research has led to the development of techniques that are proven to help in the assessment of pain and its treatment. Proven pharmacological methods such as the use of opioids are now being supplemented by modern drugs such as denosumab and cannabinoid-based drugs that have emerged from the use of cannabis in many cultures. Neurosurgical methods are still available for pain that does not respond to pharmacological therapy, and new integrative treatment methods are being developed. In cooperation with the patient, an appropriate method of treatment should be chosen and the response to therapy should be monitored regularly in order to achieve the best possible outcome.