Corneal transplantation is the most successful and commonly performed transplant surgery in the world. Corneal pathologies, as a cause of vision loss, are now being addressed with modern methods of graft preparation and advanced surgical techniques. Traditional penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) has been replaced by various types of lamellar keratoplasty depending on the indication. These methods offer better postoperative outcomes, including faster recovery, shorter corticosteroid use, decreased percentage of graft rejection, and improved visual outcomes. Today’s method of choice for anterior corneal pathologies with preserved endothelium is Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DALK). For pathologies involving the endothelium and Descemet's membrane, procedures such as Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), ultra-thin DSAEK (UT-DSAEK), and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) are utilized. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, with DSAEK being widely adopted due to its less technically demanding procedure, while DMEK has demonstrated better outcomes in terms of visual outcomes. Considering the benefits of all lamellar keratoplasty methods, the learning curve of surgical techniques is reduced through graft preparation in eye banks and new technologies such as femtosecond laser and iOCT (intraoperative optical coherence tomography). Laser-prepared highly compatible grafts and intraoperative monitoring with iOCT facilitate the transplantation procedure and successfully reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications. To overcome the lack of donor tissue, corneal bioengineering focuses on developing high-quality and aesthetically acceptable keratoprostheses and substitute tissues that mimic the biomechanical function of the cornea. Rapid technological and material advancement leads to future therapeutic solutions: bio-integrated and functional artificial corneas.