| Abstract | Sportski trening dugoročan je proces s kontinuiranim izmjenama intervala rada i odmora. Interval rada predstavlja stimulacijsko razdoblje izlaganja trenažnim opterećenjima s ciljem adaptacije organizma što omogućava izlaganje sve većim opterećenjima. Regeneracijskim procesima koji se odvijaju u intervalu odmora dolazi do poboljšanja sportske sposobnosti u odnosu na prijašnju razinu što se naziva superkompenzacijom. U slučaju nedovoljne količine odmora s obzirom na volumen i intenzitet trenažnog opterećenja može doći do razvoja pretreniranosti.
Pretreniranost obuhvaća spektar entiteta koji čine funkcionalno presezanje, nefunkcionalno presezanje i u najtežim slučajevima sindrom pretreniranosti. Navedeni entiteti međusobno se razlikuju prema trajanju simptoma i vremenu do oporavka sportaša. Sindrom pretreniranosti kompleksna je, multifaktorijalna pojava čiji je vodeći simptom dugotrajni umor i pad sportske sposobnosti u odnosu na prijašnju razinu, a mogu biti zahvaćeni i drugi organski sustavi što se prezentira psihološkim, mišićno-koštanim, endokrinološkim i kardiovaskularnim simptomima koji traju više od dva mjeseca, a mogu perzistirati godinama i dovesti do kraja karijere sportaša. Ne postoje dovoljno specifični markeri koji bi sa sigurnošću ukazivali na dijagnozu sindroma pretreniranosti, ali se prema novim smjernicama iz EROS studije može dijagnosticirati kliničkim i biokemijskim parametrima nakon isključivanja organske patologije.
Prevencija sindroma, s obzirom na njegovu multifaktorijalnost, ostvaruje se pravilnim planiranjem i programiranjem te periodizacijom treninga što omogućava odgovarajuću količinu odmora što je posebno važno u sportovima izdržljivosti. Triatlon je multidisciplinarni sport izdržljivosti u kojem se discipline plivanja, vožnje bicikla i trčanja nadovezuju jedna na drugu u jednom događaju. Veliki volumen treninga kojom se izlažu rekreativni i profesionalni triatlonci povećava rizik od bolesti, ozljeda te razvoja sindroma pretreniranost. Potrebno je osigurati dovoljan unos makronutrijenata: barem 5,0 g/kg/dan ugljikohidrata, barem 1,5 g/kg/dan proteina kao i ukupni kalorijski unos od 35 g/kg/dan, nadoknada tekućine prema smjernicama te više od osam sati sna za sportaše koji sudjeluju u sportovima izdržljivosti. Terapijski modaliteti su oskudni, preporučuje se pasivni odmor u početku liječenja nakon čega slijedi primjena metoda aktivnog odmora kako ne bi došlo do dodatnog pada u kondicijskoj spremi i pogoršanja simptoma. |
| Abstract (english) | Sports training is a long-term process involving continuous intervals of work and rest. The work interval represents a stimulation period of exposure to training loads with the goal of organism adaptation, enabling exposure to higher loads. The rest interval involves regenerative processes that lead to improved sports performance compared to previous level, known as supercompensation. In the case of insufficient rest in relation to the volume and intensity of training loads, overtraining can occur.
Overtraining encompasses a spectrum of entities, including functional overreaching, non-functional overreaching, and in severe cases, overtraining syndrome. These entities differ in terms of symptom duration and athlete recovery time. Overtraining syndrome is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon characterized by prolonged fatigue and a decline in sports performance compared to previous levels. Other systems in the body can also be affected, resulting in psychological, musculoskeletal, endocrinological, and cardiovascular symptoms that last for more than two months and can persist for years, ultimately leading to the end of an athlete's career. There are no sufficiently specific markers to definitively diagnose overtraining syndrome, but according to the new guidelines from the EROS study, it can be diagnosed based on clinical and biochemical parameters after ruling out organic pathology.
Preventing the syndrome, given its multifactorial nature, involves proper planning, programming, and periodization of training, which allows for adequate rest, particularly important in endurance sports. Triathlon is a multidisciplinary endurance sport that combines swimming, cycling, and running disciplines in a single event. The high training volume experienced by recreational and professional triathletes increases the risk of illness, injury, and the development of overtraining syndrome. It is necessary to ensure sufficient intake of macronutrients: at least 5.0 g/kg/day of carbohydrates, at least 1.5 g/kg/day of protein, and a total caloric intake of 35 g/kg/day, along with fluid replenishment according to guidelines and more than eight hours of sleep for endurance athletes.
Therapeutic modalities are limited, and passive rest is recommended initially in the treatment, followed by the implementation of active rest methods to avoid further decline in fitness and worsening of symptoms. |
