The kidney is a paired organ that weighs approximately 150 grams in a healthy adult and is anatomically located next to the spine in the retroperitoneal space. Due to its complex physiological role in regulating volume and composition of the body´s fluid compartments, blood flow through both kidneys account for 20-25% of total cardiac output. In this regard, this target organ is often damaged in patients with hematological neoplasms. There is a wide range of renal manifestations of hematological neoplasms as well as pathophysiological mechanisms of their occurrence. The connection between various entities under the common name of hematological neoplasms and kidney damage is complex and bidirectional. In addition to the fact that certain clinical syndromes and pathohistological changes of the renal parenchyma can be caused by the malignant disease or nephrotoxicity of chemotherapy and other specific oncological therapies, there is also a correlation between the risk of malignancies in people with impaired renal function. Furthermore, the first and in some cases the only presentation of a hematological neoplasm can be some degree of kidney damage, which can in turn be clinically apparent or can be proven by laboratory testing and/or pathohistological sampling. It was this knowledge about the complex relationship between kidney function and the underlying disease (hematological neoplasm) that gave rise to a new branch in medicine, subspeciality, onco-nephrology, with the aim of providing the best possible and comprehensive care for these patients. It is necessary to emphasize that every step in the approach, starting with diagnostics, and than treatment, as well as monitoring of treatment outcomes, ought to be multidisciplinary. This paper describes the basic pathophysiological mechanisms of kidney damage associated with certain hematological neoplasms, clinical syndromes in which these damages can be presented, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients, and kidney function after the application of specific modalities of oncological treatment. Finally, emphasis is placed on the importance of preserving renal function during the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process, since it is closely related to the course and outcomes of oncological treatment, as well as the long-term prognosis and quality of life of these patients.