Title Mikrobiološka dijagnostika infekcija u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja
Title (english) Microbiological diagnosis of infections in intensive care units
Author Helena Vuleta
Mentor Ana Budimir (mentor)
Committee member Zrinka Bošnjak (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Goran Tešović (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Ana Budimir (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zagreb School of Medicine (Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology) Zagreb
Defense date and country 2015-07-15, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE Clinical Medical Sciences Medical Microbiology
Abstract Jedinice intenzivnog liječenja osnivaju se zbog potrebe zbrinjavanja akutno oboljelog ili ozlijeđenog, životno ugroženog bolesnika. Intenzivno liječenje omogućuje akutno zbrinjavanje, spašavanje života, smanjenje invaliditeta kao posljedice teške bolesti ili ozljede te omogućuje povrat kvalitete života i radne sposobnosti. U jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja susrećemo se s bolesnicima koji su upravo zbog nekog teškog, životno ugrožavajućeg infektivnog stanja primljeni u JIL, u drugim slučajevima radi se o bolesnicima s nekom postojećom patologijom koji su u tijeku intenzivnog liječenja stekli bolničku infekciju. U jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja rizik od nastanka bolničkih infekcija izrazito je povišen. Bolnički stečene infekcije velik su izazov u intenzivnoj medicini. Učestalost bolničkih infekcija je 3 do 5 puta viša u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja nego na drugim bolničkim odjelima. Mikrobiološka dijagnostika infekcija koje se pojavljuju u tijeku intenzivnog liječenja od izuzetne je važnosti zbog pravodobne primjene odgovarajućih metoda liječenja, odnosno antimikrobnih lijekova i drugih metoda koje doprinose liječenju infekcije. Mikroorganizam se kao etiološki uzrok infekcije može dokazati na dva načina: izravno i neizravno. Metode mikrobiološke dijagnostike dijele se još i na tradicionalne (konvencionalne) i brze molekularne laboratorijske metode. Osnovni laboratorijski postupci u bakteriologiji su izolacija i identifikacija bakterija, molekularni dijagnostički postupci, fenotipizacijski postupci, genotipizacijski postupci, testiranje osjetljivosti bakterija na antimikrobne lijekove i serološke dijagnostičke metode. Važno je poznavati vrste uzoraka i načine za njihovo pravilno uzimanje, čuvanje i transport do mikrobiološkog laboratorija. Najčešće bolničke infekcije stečene u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja su infekcije donjih dišnih puteva, od kojih je najznačajnija pneumonija povezana sa upotrebom mehaničke ventilacije, infekcije krvotoka uzrokovane primjenom centralnih i perifernih intravaskularnih katetera i infekcije mokraćnih puteva povezane s korištenjem urinarnih katetera. Mehanička ventilacija smatra se najznačajnijim čimbenikom rizika za razvoj bolničkih pneumonija. One se javljaju u 8-40% ventiliranih bolesnika. Nekoliko je vrsta bolničkih infekcija povezanih s intravaskularnim katererima, to su infekcije krvotoka, odnosno bakterijemija i kateterska sepsa, infekcije kože i mekih tkiva oko mjesta insercije katetera i tromboflebitis vena. Infekcije mokraćnog sustava su među najučestalijim bolničkim infekcijama u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja. Najvažniji čimbenik rizika za nastanak ovih infekcija je dugotrajna kateterizacija mokraćnog mjehura. Infekcije mokraćnog sustava nalaze se u oko 25% bolesnika liječenih u JIL-u. Dobar program kontrole ima važnu ulogu u odražavanju incidencije bolničkih infekcija na najnižoj razini. Na sprečavanju bolničkih infekcija treba raditi kontinuirano. Program nadzora nad bolničkim infekcijama usmjeren je na edukaciju osoblja, razvoj preporuka za obavljanje postupaka njege i liječenja, praćenje bolničkih infekcija, analize bolničkih epidemija, praćenje potrošnje antibiotika, razvoj preporuka za racionalnu upotrebu antibiotika i evaulaciju medicinske opreme obzirom na aseptični pristup pacijentu.
Abstract (english) Intensive care units are being established due to the need of providing care to acutely diseased or injured patients whose lives are endangered. Intensive care enables acute treatment, saving lives, reduction of disability as a result of serious illness or injury, and the recovery of quality of life and working capacity. In intensive care units we encounter patients who are being admitted because of a severe, life-threatening infectious disease. On the other hand, there are patients with a preexisting pathology who acquired a nosocomial infection during their stay in the ICU. In intensive care units the risk of acquiring hospital infections is extremely high. Hospital acquired infections are a major challenge in intensive medicine. The incidence of nosocomial infections is three to five times higher in intensive care units than in other hospital wards. Microbiological diagnosis of infections that occur in the course of intensive treatment is of utmost importance for the timely application of appropriate methods of treatment, antimicrobial agents and other methods that contribute to the treatment of infections. Microorganisms as etiological agents of infections can be proven directly and indirectly. Methods of microbiological diagnostics are divided into two groups: traditional (conventional) methods and rapid, molecular laboratory methods. Basic laboratory procedures in bacteriology are isolation and identification of bacteria, molecular diagnostic methods, phenotyping procedures, genotyping procedures, testing of the sensitivity of bacteria to antimicrobial agents and serological diagnostic methods. It is important to be familiar with types of specimens, and methods of their proper obtaining, storage and transportation to the microbiology laboratory. The most common hospital-acquired infections in intensive care units are infections of the lower respiratory tract, most notably ventilator associated pneumonia, bloodstream infections associated with the use of central and peripheral intravascular catheters and urinary tract infections associated with the use of urinary catheters. Mechanical ventilation is considered the major risk factor for the development of nosocomial pneumonia. It occurs in 8-40% of ventilated patients. There are several types of hospital infections associated with the use of intravascular catheters, these are bloodstream infections, bacteremia and catheter sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections and thrombophlebitis. Urinary tract infections are among the most common nosocomial infections in intensive care units. The most important risk factor for these infections is the prolonged use of urinary catheters. Urinary tract infections are found in 25% of patients treated in the ICU. A good infection control program plays an important role in keeping the incidence of hospital infections at the lowest level. The prevention of nosocomial infections should be carried out continuously. Infection control programs are focused on staff training, development of recommendations for carrying out procedures of care and treatment, monitoring of hospital infections, analysis of hospital outbreaks, surveillance of antibiotic consumption, development of recommendations for the rational use of antibiotics and evaluating medical equipment due to aseptic approach to the patient
Keywords
jedinica intenzivnog liječenja
infekcije
mikrobiološka dijagnostika
Keywords (english)
intensive care unit
infections
microbiological diagnosis
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:105:152236
Study programme Title: Medicine Study programme type: university Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2016-08-09 10:35:09