Nephrectomy, the surgical procedure for removing a kidney, has evolved from earliest physiological experiments on animals to today's routine urological operations performed for various indications, the most common being malignant kidney tumors, primarily carcinomas. In addition to malignant diseases, reasons for needing a kidney removal include infections of renal tissue, injuries and every disease of the renal parenchyma that poses an additional burden to the body, especially cardiovascular. However, apart from kidney removal due to pathological processes, healthy kidneys from non-diseased individuals can also be surgically removed for the purposes of kidney transplantation. Kidneys can be surgically removed completely, in the form of radical or simple nephrectomy, or only partially, in the form of partial nephrectomy, also known as nephron-sparing surgery. Surgical access to the kidney for removal can be achieved transperitoneally, through anterior incisions or laparoscopically via trocars placed on the anterior abdominal wall, or retroperitoneally, through flank incisions or retroperitoneoscopically via trocars placed on the posterior and lateral walls. In addition to traditional open surgery and minimally invasive laparoscopy and its modifications, nephrectomies are increasingly performed with the assistance of robotic systems, which is especially useful for performing minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. One of the most advanced contemporary approaches and methods for performing nephrectomy is transluminal endoscopic nephrectomy through natural orifices. Each of these approaches and techniques comes with its own advantages and disadvantages, but the experience of the performing surgeon, as well as the available equipment of the healthcare institution also play a significant role in the choice of surgical method.