Heart valve disease is an important source of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Current prosthetic valve replacement options, such as bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves, are limited by structural valve degeneration requiring reoperation or the need for lifelong anticoagulation. Several new polymer technologies have been developed in recent years in the hope of creating an ideal polymer replacement heart valve that overcomes these limitations. Surgical replacement of a diseased heart valve with a prosthetic valve or transcatheter implantation of a prosthetic valve can provide significant clinical benefit. Such procedures substitute the adverse effects of the natural disease for the complications associated with the prosthesis. The frequency of various complications depends on the type and position of the valve and other clinical risk factors. Complications include embolic events, bleeding, valve obstruction, infective endocarditis, structural deterioration, paravalvular regurgitation, hemolytic anemia, and prosthesis-patient incompatibility. The importance of the education of cardiac surgical instruments is important in terms of implementing asepsis during the procedure, knowing possible complications and promptly reacting to all changes that occur during the surgical procedure.