Introduction Lung cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in the world. The rate of occurrence is several times higher in men due to a higher percentage of men being smokers than women. In undeveloped countries its rate of occurrence is increasing and showing a further trend of growing. In the Republic of Croatia and the Split-Dalmatia County (SDŽ) it is the leading cause of death among malignant neoplasms for men and the third most common cause of death among malignant neoplasms for women, after Breast cancer and Colon cancer. The Republic of Croatia is at the very top of the chart of European nations when it comes to age standardized deaths rates (ASDR) with a further trend of increase when it comes to rates of occurrence and mortality for both sexes. While age standardized rates of mortality for men are showing a trend of decreasing, they are actually increasing for women, which is worrisome knowledge when it comes to a highly preventable disease. Goal The goal of this paper is to explore the rate of occurrence and mortality of Tracheal cancer, Bronchial and Lung Cancer (C33-C34, MKB-10) in the Split-Dalmatia County during the period of 2001 to 2015, and to ascertain the possible differences between rates of occurrence and mortality during this period. The paper will also attempt to answer what nurses ("prvostupnice") are able to do to help prevent these diseases and how they can help with the medical care of those already suffering from Lung cancer. Materials and Methodology From the available data of routine health statistics of sickness and mortality in the Public Health Service of the Educational Institute of Public Health of the Split-Dalmatia County, data has been processed concerning residents sick and deceased from Lung cancer in all fifty-five cities and municipalities in the Split-Dalmatia County. Percentages (%) of specific rates have been calculated using the ASDR method of direct standardization according to the agreed upon standardized European population in the year 2013, with a 95% CI (Confidence Interval) for the areas of the coast, the Dalmatian Zagora and the islands and 15 subsections NZJZ of the Split-Dalmatia County. Statistical significances of differences in mortality rates per 100.000 residents have been calculated by the Student t-test and i χ²-test at the rate of reliability P<0,05 and larger. The software Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft, Tulsa, USA) and Statistica NOVA 7 were used in the processing of the data. Data and indicators for the comparison of sickness and mortality in Croatia and Spain (control Mediterranean area) were taken from editions of the Croatian Institute of Public Health: The Croatian health-statistical yearbook and from the electronic data bank of the European Office of the World Health Organization. In the breakdown of results of this retrospective study the epidemiological comparative method was used. Results During the 2001.-2015. period there are no statistically significant differences in the ASDR from Lung cancer for both sexes of all ages between the Split-Dalmatia County and the Republic of Croatia (66,04/100.000 vs. 66,59/100.000), not are there differences by age groups. With men of all ages the residents of the Split-Dalmatia County have a statistically significant lesser ASDR 111,61/100.000 (95% CI 111,04-120,18 than the Republic of Croatia's 123,04/100.000 (95% CI 120,49-125,59) (P<0,0058), while there are no significant differences by age groups. With women the ASDR is several times lower than with men. Between the Split-Dalmatia County and the Republic of Croatia for all ages there are no significant differences, 27,71/100.000 (95% CI 25,12-30,31) vs. 25,93/100.000 (95% CI 23,77-28,09) (P>0,2706), while the age of ≥65 years women in the Split-Dalmatia County have a statistically higher mortality rate 94,75/100.000 (95% CI 87,62-101,87) vs. 80,90/100.000 (95% CI 76,80-85,01) (P<0,0014). In all these breakdowns Spain has a signficantly lower ASDR, while with women the ASDR trend is increasing. Between the residents of the Split-Dalmatia County in the coastal areas, the Dalmatian Zagora and the islands there are statistically significant ASDR differences. Resident of the male sex have a statistically significantly higher average ASDR than the residents of the coast and the islands. In all areas and all age groups there is a trend of decreasing ASDR. Unlike men residents of the female sex in all areas have a trend of increasing ASDR except the age group of ≥65 years. The increase of ASDR is largest in the 20-64 year age group. The largest average ASDR is with the residents of the coast, while the residents of the Dalmatian Zagora have a statstically significant less average ASDR. Between the residents of cities and municipalities of the Split-Dalmatia County there are statistically significant differences of the average ASDR more expressed with the female sex. With men only the age group of ≥65 do the residents of municipalities have a statistically significant lower ASDR, 499,61/100.000 (95% CI 440,24-558,99) from residents of cities of the Split-Dalmatia County, 634,56/100.000 (95% CI 590,11-679,00) (P<0,0005), while in other age groups there are no significant differences. Female residents of cities have a statistically significantly larger ASDR in all ages and the age agroup ≥65, while in the age group 20-64 there are no significant differences. An important feature with women is the trend of increase of ASDR in the ages of 20-64 and in all ages, while the age of ≥65 there is a trend of decreased ASDR. With men of all age groups the trend is a decreasing of ASDR. The breakdown by 15 subsections/areas of NZJZ supports what was observed in areas of the Split-Dalmatia County. Men in the subsections/areas of the Dalmatian Zagora have a larger average ASDR, while with women the larger average ASDR is seen with residents of the subsections/areas of the coast and the island of Hvar, especially in the 20-64 age group. Conclusion The highly preventable disease called Lung cancer is the leading cause of death by malignant neoplasms in the Republic of Croatia and the Split-Dalmatia County. In the Split-Dalmatia County the total increase in mortality for both sexes of all ages is a consequence of the increase in mortality for women, while men have shown a decrease in mortality. The increase is largest with women who live in the cities and on the coast of the Split-Dalmatia County relative to the areas of the Dalmatian Zagora and the islands. The largest increase in mortality rates is with women aged 20-64 years, which represents early deaths. This state of affairs cannot be rated as favorable. It demands a promt introduction of intervention measures on a national level. Experiences from the world and our findings in Croatia show that primary prevention measures for decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke and timely secondary interventions of early detection of precancerous and cancerous changes at the primary level of health care are the only successful measures when it comes to the goal of decreasing mortality rates from Lung cancer. All health care professionals have the obligation to use personal example and everyday education of its citizens to help decrease exposure to factors that increase the risk of Lung cancer. Nurses have a special responsibility to act towards women with whom the increase of mortality rates in recent years is cause for serious alarm.