In spite ever increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in world population, metabolic disorder may in most cases be prevented by certain lifestyle changes, especially ones concerning food and nutrition habits. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to emphasize the influence of large groups of nutrients on prevention, pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment of diabetes mellitus and underlying complications. Physiological interactions among macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) have been analysed as well as their participation in development of metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus. Well known role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, as well as potential benefits of increased vitamin, mineral and flavonoid intake, as main bioactive compounds, have also been considered. Based on current scientific knowledge, recommendations and guidelines for managing diabetes have been summed and that, not only for an adequate nutrition program, but also for healthy and productive living in general. The end result ought to be normalizing hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia as the main contributors of acute and chronic complication development which significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality, as well as diabetes related invalidity. Nutrition guidelines for managing diabetes do not differentiate much in relation to general population, both aiming towards well balanced nutrition programs created in collaboration with physicians and nutritionists by taking in consideration patients individual nutrition requirements.