This diploma work summarizes the basic knowledge of the etiology, pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment options in the field of the most common types of headache as one of the most common neurological disorders. Headaches are divided into primary and secondary. The most common primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache and cluster headache. Their etiology is not fully understood, but recent findings suggest a number of peripheral and central factors. Secondary headache disorders attributed to basic and include, for example, headaches caused by excessive use of drugs, temporal arteritis, increased intracranial pressure and infections. Acute treatment is carried out specific (ergot alkaloids, triptans) or non-specific (analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and combinations thereof) therapy. Unlike the primary, in secondary headache is the most important immediately respond to unusual pain intensity, and pain is usually retreat after removal of the primary causes. In a large percentage of patients headache is not detected as a health problem, which was not determined the cause thereof, and the patients are prone to self-treatment of pain using a commercially available non-prescription drugs, or food supplements, and of questionable clinical efficacy. Because headaches are a public health problem with high prevalence in people working age, but also in children, need to pay more attention to identifying the causes, symptoms, duration and frequency of reporting to acute seemed appropriate medical treatment and thereby reduce the suffering of patients, but also prevent the emergence of new episodes of selection of optimal prophylaxis.