The pathophysiological characteristics and the possibilities of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome are described in this theoretical diploma thesis. PCOS is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. It is considered to be multigenetic disorder with strong environmental influences. Communication disorders between hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries, insulin resistance, obesity and andrenocortical disfunction are the basis of PCOS pathophysiology. Biochemical and clinical hyperandrogenism, (oligo)anovulation and polycystic ovarian morphology represent the main PCOS reproductive features. Furthermore, patients with PCOS are at high risk of developing glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The listed PCOS features result in decreased health related quality of life of these patients. Increased prevalence of depression, anxiety and eating disorders has been noticed. The therapeutic goal is to achieve the optimal treatment for patients by combining non-pharmacological measures with appropriate pharmacological treatment. Of non-pharmacological measures, it is important to emphasize the introduction of hypocaloric diet and physical activity. The first-line therapy for hyperandrogenism is combined oral hormonal contraceptives if patient do not plan for pregnancy, while it is considered to introduce antiandrogens as the second-line therapy. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel intrauterine system, as well as previously mentioned combined oral hormonal contraceptives ensure effective regulation of menstrual cycle and thus protection against the development of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. Metformin is usually used to treat the metabolic irregularities, while clomiphene citrate is the first-line therapy to induce ovulation in anovulatory PCOS patients.