Protein-energy malnutrition often occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially those on hemodialysis, and it increases the likelihood of adverse clinical outcomes. The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the latest guidelines for the nutrition of hemodialysis patients, in terms of maintaining adequate nutritional status, and to investigate the importance of adherence to existing nutritional guidelines in the context of optimizing treatment outcomes. The research was conducted by reviewing the available scientific and professional literature on the proposed topic (period 2010-2020). Electronic bibliographic databases and websites of relevant state institutions and professional associations were used. The optimal energy intake for hemodialysis patients is 25-35 kcal/kg, and protein intake is set to 1.0 to 1.2 g / kg body weight. The introduction of oral and enteral nutritional supplementation may be beneficial in certain patient groups, particularly in terms of monitoring and preventing micronutrients deficiencies. Poor adherence to nutritional guidelines contributes to the exacerbation of protein-energy malnutrition. Adequate education of patients, but also of health professionals and other persons caring for the patient is necessary to improve the adherence of hemodialysis patients. Clinically significant food-drug interactions may have a negative effect on the nutritional status and treatment outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease. Predicting and avoiding food-drug interactions contribute to the prevention of protein-energy malnutrition and indirectly reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic kidney disease.