Objectives The aim of this specialist paper is to review the data of previous scientific research on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Materials and methods The research within this specialist paper is of a theoretical nature, and includes a review of the available literature on previous non-clinical and clinical research on black pepper. Available electronic bibliographic databases Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and Medline were used in the search. Results Chopped black pepper is known worldwide as a spice, and has a centuries-old tradition of medical use. Phytochemical studies have shown that it contains phytosterols, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, significant concentrations of flavonoids (catechins, myricetin and quercetin), carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene) minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) and vitamin C. Black pepper is a strong. antioxidant and has proven anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, cytotoxic, antimicrobial and analgesic effects. Pharmacological effect has been reported in the treatment of asthma, colds and coughs, hypertension, obesity, diseases of the digestive organs, nervous system and thyroid gland. Previous clinical trials of black pepper fruit have been limited to increasing the therapeutic effect of drugs and nutrients because it acts as an enhancer of their bioavailability. Conclusions The phytotherapeutic potential of black pepper should be confirmed by further studies because previous clinical studies do not provide a sufficient level of evidence on the therapeutic efficacy of black pepper.