The genus Sideritis comprises over 150 herbs and small shrubs, annuals and perennials distributed in the Western Palearctic zone. Its name isrelated to the use ofthe herbs in the past for curing wounds caused by iron arms and today they are used by the people as medicines against many diseases and conditions in almost the entire distribution area. The aim of this diploma thesis is to review the latest ethnobotanical research on the traditional use of species from the genus Sideritis and to discuss the pharmacological background of the most frequently recorded biological actions. The greatest number of papers stated the use of the mentioned species against flu and/or cold, respiratory disorders and gastrointestinal disorders. Other important uses include disorders of the nervous system, urinary disorders, wounds, ulcers, hemorrhoids, canker sores, and diabetes. Aerial plant parts are mostly used for the preparation of infusions. The use of such preparations for cough associated with cold and for mild gastrointestinal discomfort has been approved by the European Medicines Agency. According to the number of different applications and the number of papers that mention them, the following species were the most prominent: S. libanotica, S. perfoliata, S. scardica, S. montana, S. raeseri, S. trojana, S. syriaca, and S. arguta. Besides proven biological effects and verified traditional uses, it isimportant to emphasize the need for further research in order to use the full therapeutic potential of these species.